Citation Guide

R: Author, A. A. or Screen Name (Full date). Title of post in sentence case [Blog post]. Retrieved from URL

T: (Screen Name or Author, year)

R: Dubner, S. J. (2014, June 25). The quality-quantity tradeoff dilemma [Blog post]. Retrieved from http://freakonomics.com/2014/06/25/the-quality-quantity-tradeoff-dilemma/

T: (Dubner, 2014)

R: Author, A. A. or Screen Name (Full date). Re: Title of original blog post in sentence case [Blog comment]. Retrieved from URL

T: (Screen Name or Author, year)

R: MiddleKid. (2007, January 5). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences of partitioning your mind [Blog comment]. Retrieved from http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/22/the-unfortunate-prerequisites/

T: (MiddleKid, 2007)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.​

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author, year)

R: Pollan, M. (2006). The omnivore's dilemma: A natural history of four meals. New York, NY: Penguin.

T: (Pollan, 2006)

R: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics (edition number). Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author A & Author B, year)

R: Strindberg, A., & Wärn, M. (2011). Islamism: Religion, radicalization and resistance (2nd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

T: (Strindberg & Wärn, 2011)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T (first citation): (Author A, Author B, & Author C, year)

R: Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A., & Kasten, D. (2009). Winning in Afghanistan: Creating effective Afghan security forces. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

T (first citation): (Cordesman, Mausner, & Kasten, 2009, p. 19)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of chapter in sentence case. In B. B. Editor & C. C. Editor (Eds.), Title of book in sentence case and italics (pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author, year)

R: Haynes, P. (2009). Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and US foreign policy. In D. Moran and J. A. Russell (Eds.), Energy security and global politics: The militarization of resource management (pp. 62–74). New York, NY: Routledge.

T: (Haynes, 2009, p. 70)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of chapter in sentence case. In D. D. Editor (Ed.), Title of book in sentence case and italics (pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter). Place of Publication: Publisher.

T (first citation): (Author A, Author B, & Author C, year)

R: Cordesman, A. H., Mausner, A., & Kasten, D. (2009). Introduction. In J. Smith (Ed.), Winning in Afghanistan: Creating effective Afghan security forces (pp. 1–12). Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

T (first citation): (Cordesman, Mausner, & Kasten, 2009, p. 11)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year, location information)

R: Crabtree, J., & Chaplin, A. (2013). Bolivia: Processes of change. Retrieved from
https://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/ebook-nps/
detail.action?docID=1183073

T: (Crabtree & Chaplin, 2013, Chapter 7, The Other Side of Town, para. 2)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of book in sentence case and italics [E-reader version]. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year)

R: A. Krishnan. (2008). War as business: Technological change and military service contracting [Kindle DX version]. Retrieved from http://www.amazon.com

T: (Krishnan, 2008) 

• When citing a direct quotation from an electronic book without page numbers, include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. The citation might include a chapter number, section heading, location number, or paragraph number within the section.

• Class notes include lecture notes, PowerPoint slides, and any other course-related material published by an instructor.
   
• If PowerPoint slides, lectures, class notes are not available to your readers, format as a personal communication using professor's/lecturer's name and type of medium (e.g., "class notes," "PowerPoint slides").
   
• Class notes and lectures published to your online course site are considered unpublished.

R: Instructor, A. A. (Year). Title of notes in sentence case. Class notes for Class, Location of Institution. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Instructor, year)

R: Johnson, J. (2017). Python NumPy tutorial.  Class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA. Retrieved from http://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/

T: (Johnson, 2017)

R: Do not include in references list if not publicly available

T: (A. Author, class notes, Month and day of class, year)

R: None

T: (D. Bray, PowerPoint slides, March 26, 2017)

R: Author, A. A. (Year of presentation). Title of lecture in sentence case and italics [Lecture]. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Horse, B. B. (2017). Horseshoes and hand grenades: On the joys of approximation [Lecture]. Retrieved from http://horse.edu/

T: (Horse, 2017)

R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title of presentation in sentence case and italics. Presented at Venue, Location of Venue. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Randall, L. (2002, July 19). Unification in warped extra dimensions and bulk holography. Presented at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. Retrieved from http://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/events/strings02/avt/randall/

T: (Randall, 2002)

• Citation is required only if the software is not well known.

R: Rightsholder, A. A., Rightsholder, B. B., Rightsholder, C. C., & Rightsholder, D. D. (Year). Title of Obscure Software in Title Case [Computer software]. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: Include Rightholder[s] names (Year) Name of software in Title Case

R: Borenstein, M., Hedges, L., Higgins, J., & Rothstein, H. (2005). Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (Version 2) [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://www.meta-analysis.com/index.html

T: We used Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, and Rothstein’s (2005) Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software to compile our results.

R: Rightsholder, A. A. (Year). Title of Obscure Software in Title Case [Computer software]. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: Include Name of software in Title Case, Version number, Year

R: Esolang, A. N. (2014). Obscure Reference Generator [Computer software]. Washington, DC: E & K Press.

T: We used the Obscure Reference Generator (Version 2.1; Esolang, 2014) and Version 1.0 of Customized Synergy (2014) to complete our work.

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., ... & Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics, starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T (first citation): (Author A, Author B, ... & Author Z, year)

T (subsequent citations): (Author A et al., year)

R: Herculano-Houzel, S., Collins, C. E., Wong, P., Kass, J. H., & Lent, R. (2008). The basic nonuniformity of the cerebral cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 105,12593–12598. https://doi.org.10.1073/pnas.0805417105

T (first citation): (Herculano-Houzel, Collins, Wong, Kass, & Lent, 2008, p. 12595)

T (subsequent citations): (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2008, p. 12595)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., ... & Author, Z. Z. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. In A. A. Editor, B. B. Editor, C. C. Editor, . . . & Z. Z. Editor (Eds.) Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics (pp. x–xxx).

T: (Author A, Author B, & Author C, year)

R: Katz, I., Gabayan, K., & Aghajan, H. (2007). A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. In J. Blanc-Talon, W. Philips, D. Popescu, & P. Scheunders (Eds.) Lecture Notes in Computer Science: Vol. 4678. Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems (pp. 97–108).

T: (Katz, Gabayan, & Aghajan, 2007)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., Author, C. C., ... & Author, Z. Z. (Year, Month). Title of article in sentence case. Paper presented at Title of Conference in Title Case, Location of Conference.

T (first citation): (Author A, Author B, . . . & Author Z, year)

R: Teplin, L. A., McClelland, G. M., Abram, K. M., & Washburn, J. J. (2005, March). Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA.

T (first citation): (Teplin, McClelland, Abram, & Washburn, 2005)

T (subsequent citations): (Teplin et al., 2005) 

R: Author, A. A. or Organization. (Year). Title in sentence case and italics [Data set]. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author or Organization, year)

R: Suro, R. (2004). Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media [Data set]. Retrieved from http://www.pewhispanic.org/
2004/04/19/changing-channels-and -crisscrossing-cultures/

T: (Suro, 2004)

Since an unpublished data set is irretrievable, it is treated as a personal communication and therefore not cited in references.

R: None

T: (Author First and Last Name, unpublished data)

R: None

T: (Kathy Kanteen, unpublished data)

R: Title of entry in sentence case. (n.d.). In Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Retrieved Month and day, year, from URL

T: ("Title of entry," n.d.)

R: Metamorphosis. (n.d.). In Merriam-Webster. Retrieved July 6, 2017, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis

R: Author, A. A. (year). Title of entry in sentence case. In Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Stewart, J. I. M. (2019). Rudyard Kipling. In Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rudyard-Kipling

T: (Stewart, 2019)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.
   
• When the author and publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.

R: Department. (Full date). Title of directive in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Place of Publication: Author. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)

R: Department of Defense. (2005, December 19). Information assurance training, certification, and workforce management (DoD Directive 8570.01-M). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/
dodm/857001m.pdf

T (first citation): (Department of Defense [DoD], 2005)

T (subsequent citations): (DoD, 2005)

R: Department. (Full date). Title of instruction in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Place of Publication: Author.

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)

R: Department of Defense. (2012, April 16). Identification (ID) cards required by the Geneva Convention (DoD Instruction 1000.01). Washington, DC: Author.

T (first citation): (Department of Defense [DoD], 2012)

T (subsequent citations): (DoD, 2012)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Joint Chiefs of Staff. (Year). Title of joint doctrine in sentence case and italics (document identification number). DOI or Retrieved from URL

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)

R: Joint Chiefs of Staff. (2017). Countering air and missile threats (JP 3-01). Retrieved from http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp3_01_20172104.pdf

T (first citation): (Joint Chiefs of Staff [JCS], 2017)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Department. (Year). Title of fact sheet in sentence case [Fact sheet]. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)

R: Department of Labor. (2008). The construction industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) [Fact sheet]. Retrieved from http://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm

T (first citation): (Department of Labor [DOL], 2008)

T (subsequent citations): (DOL, 2008)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Department. (Year). Title of field manual in sentence case and italics (document identification number). Place of Publication: Author. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym], year)

T (subsequent citations): (Acronym of Department, year)

R: Department of the Army. (1994). Sniper training (FM 23-10). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf

T (first citation): (Department of the Army [DA], 1994)

T (subsequent citations): (DA, 1994)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Name of Company. (Year). Title of handbook in sentence case and italics. Location of Company, State: Author. Retrieved from DOI or URL

R: Western Spud. (1972). Transmission systems for potatoes (168th ed.). Kinston-Slalom, ID: Author. Retrieved from http://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html

R: Name of Company. (Year). Title of handbook in sentence case and italics. Location of Company, State: Author.

R: Western Electric. (1985). Transmission systems for communications (3rd ed.). Winston-Salem, NC: Author.

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article. https://doi.org.xxxxxxx

T: (Author A & Author B, year)

R: Sanico, G., & Kakinaka, M. (2008). Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. Defence & Peace Economics, 19(2), 153–167. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419

T: (Sanico & Kakinaka, 2008)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article. Retrieved from Name of database

T: (Author, year)

R: Giannopoulou,  Z. (2014). Prisoners of plot in José Saramago’s The Cave. Philosophy and Literature 38(2), 126–137. Retrieved from Project Muse

T: (Giannopoulou, 2014)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number). Retrieved from URL

R: Catrantzos, N. (2010). No dark corners: A different answer to insider threats. Homeland Security Affairs, 6(2). Retrieved from https://www.hsaj.org/articles/83

T: (Catrantzos, 2010)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article.

R: Griffin, G. (2009). Managing peacekeeping communications. Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning, 3(4), 317–327.

T: (Griffin, 2009, pp. 324–325)

• Consult APA Style Blog for further guidance.

R: Abbreviated bill or resolution source and number, xxx Cong. (Year published). DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: Bill or Resolution Source in Title Case and number (Year published) or (Abbreviated bill or resolution source and number, year)

R: H.R. 5936, 102nd Cong. (1992). Retrieved from
https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-bill/5936/cosponsors?r=254&overview=closed

R: Name of Statute in Title Case, abbreviated bill or resolution source and number, xxx Cong. (Year published).

T: Mention name of bill or resolution (Abbreviated bill or resolution source and number, year published) 

R: Every Vote Counts Amendment, H.J. Res. 4, 110th Cong. (2007).

T: In the Every Vote Counts Amendment (H.J. Res. 4, 2007), Congress declared ...

R: Name of Act in Title Case, title number and Source § section number (Year published). DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 10 C.F.R. § 451 (2006). Retrieved from
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2006-title10-vol3/xml/CFR-2006-title10-vol3-part451.xml

T: (Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 2006)

R: Title of hearing in sentence case and italics, xxx Cong. (Year). DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Abbreviated Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics, year)

R: Long-term sustainability of current defense plans: Hearing before the Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives, 111th Cong. 1 (2009). Retrieved from https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg47035/pdf/CHRG-111hhrg47035.pdf

T: (Long-term Sustainability, 2009)

R: Title of hearing in sentence case and italics, xxx Cong. (Year of hearing) (testimony of Testifier, title).

T: (Abbreviated Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics, year)

R: NASA infrastructure: Enabling discovery, enabling durability: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Space Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, 113th Cong. 25 (2013) (testimony of Paul K. Martin, NASA lead scientist).

R: Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Abbreviation and year). DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Lessard v. Schmidt, 349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972). Retrieved from https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=16374362071956566586&q
=Lessard+v.+Schmidt&hl=en&as_sdt=2006&as_vis=1

T: (Lessard v. Schmidt, 1972)

R: Name v. Name, Volume Source Page (Court Abbreviation and year)

T: (Name v. Name in italics, year)

R: Winter v. NRDC, Inc., 129 S. Ct. 365 (2008)

R: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year). DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Executive Order No. xxxxx, year)

R: Exec. Order No. 13655, 3 C.F.R. 80451 (2013). Retrieved from
https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2013-12-31/pdf/2013-31445.pdf

T: (Executive Order No. 13655, 2013)

R: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. Page (Year), reprinted in title number U.S.C. section app. at starting page of order–ending page of order (Year).

R: Exec. Order No. 11609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971–1975), reprinted as amended in 3 U.S.C. 301 app. at 404–407 (1994).

R: Name of FAR part or subpart, FAR number (Year published). Retrieved from URL

T: (Name of FAR part or subpart, year published)

In your text: Be specific and name the portion of the subpart you are citing.

R: Acquisition of Helium, FAR 8.5 (2019). Retrieved from https://www.acquisition.gov/content/subpart-85-acquisition-helium

T: (Acquisition of Helium, 2019)

In your text: In FAR 8.502, it describes ...

R: Title of Act in Title Case, U.S.C. section (Year).

T: Title of Act (Year) OR

R: National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. § 4331 (1969).

T: (first citation): (National Environmental Policy Act [NEDA],1969)

T (subsequent citations): (NEDA, 1969)

OR

T: National Environmental Policy Act of 1969

R: Title of Act in Title Case, Public Law number, Stat. section (Year). DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: Title of Act OR

R: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101-336 § 2, 104 Stat. 328 (1991). Retrieved from http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files
/PPL_101_336_AmericansWithDisabilities.pdf

T: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 OR

T: (Americans with Disabilities Act, 1991)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Title of article in sentence case. (Year, Month [and day if weekly or biweekly]). Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: So long easy money: Foreign drug firms face a severe profit squeeze. (2014, June 12). The Economist. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/news/business/21604178-foreign-drug-firms-face-severe-profit-squeeze-so-long-easy-money

R: Author, A. A. (Year, Month [and day if weekly or biweekly]). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number), starting page of article–ending page of article.

T: (Author, year)

R: Beforebad, S. (2017, July 4). Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? Pasta Dynamics, 547(7661), 30–31.

T: (Beforebad, 2017).

R: Google Maps. (n.d.). Title of map in sentence case. Retrieved Month and day, year, from URL

R: Google Maps. (n.d.). Monterey Bay. Retrieved July 6, 2017, from
 https://www.google.com/maps/
place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/
data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:
0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311

T: (Google Maps, n.d.)

R: Map Source or Maker in Title Case. (Year). Title of map in sentence case [Type of map]. DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Lewis County Geographic Information Services (Cartographer). (2002). Population density, 2000 U.S. Census [Demographic map]. Retrieved from http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census-popdens_2000.pdf

R: Author, A. A. (Full date of issuance). Title of memorandum in sentence case and italics [Memorandum]. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Takai, T. (March 28, 2013). Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense [Memorandum]. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. Retrieved from http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf

R: Producer, A. A. (Producer), & Director, B. B. (Director). (Year). Title of film in sentence case and italics [Medium]. DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Ziering, A. (Producer), & Dick, K. (Director). (2012). The invisible war [Streaming]. Retrieved from https://www.netflix.com/

R: Screen Name or Organization or Author A. A.  or  Producer, A. A. (Full date). Title of multimedia  in sentence case and italics [Type of file]. Retrieved from URL

T: (Screen Name or Organization or Author or Producer, year)

R: McBracket, D. (Producer). (2019, February 15). Taking the sigh out of citation [Podcast]. Retrieved from https://www.knps.org/
podcasts/10486/firstnamelastlastnamefirst.html/

T: (McBracket, 2019)

R: CNN. (2017, August 31). US military sends warships, aircraft to Texas [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-esponse/iid=ob_lockedrail_topeditorial

T: (CNN, 2017)

• Use the leading word “the” when referencing newspaper names in list of references (The New York Times, not New York Times).

R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Brody, J. E. (2007, December 11). Mental reserves keep brains agile. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/health/11brod.html

T: (Brody, 2007)

R: Title of article in sentence case. (Full date). Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics. DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Toxic algae in San Luis Reservoir prompts warning from state. (2017, June 30). Monterey Herald. Retrieved from http://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20170630/toxic-algae-in-san-luis-reservoir-prompts-warning-from-state

R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics.

T: (Author, year)

R: Gordon, M. R. (2001, December 9). Shifting fronts, rising danger: The Afghanistan War evolves. The New York Times.

T: (Gordon, 2001)

R: Title of article in sentence case. (Full date). Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics.

R: 2 tunnels found under the border. (2014, April 5). Monterey Herald.

R: Rightsholder, A. A. (Year issued). Patent number in sentence case and italics. Location of patent office: Patent office. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (U.S. Patent No. xxxxx, year issued)

R: Bell, A. G. (1876). U.S. Patent No. 174465. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Retrieved from https://www.google.com/patents/US174465

T: U.S. Patent No. 174465 (1846)

or

• Cite in text only.
   
• Personal communication is material obtained directly from a person, organization, or other source that your typical readers will be unable to access.
   
• A source should be cited as a personal communication when there is no direct, reliable path for your readers to retrieve the information. Examples include phone calls, conversations, letters, emails, files attached to an email Including attachments, internal documents, documents posted to a listserv or internal server, or any unpublished source to which your readers have no access.

R: None

T: Include person's name, personal communication, Full date of communication

R: None

T: (J. Smith, personal communication, September 8, 2009)

or

T: According to Rebecca Risotto (personal communication, September 8, 2009)

R: None

T: Include name and title of interviewee as well as full date of interview.

R: None

T: (S. Jones, interview with author, June 1, 2012)

or

T: According to Sandi Jones (interview with author, June 1, 2012)

R: None

T: Include sender's name, email to author, Full date of email

R: None

T: (Q. Grumbupple, email to author, October 22, 1994)

or

• An official report is freestanding and should have publisher and/or copyright information. If it is not freestanding, then format it as a webpage. 
   
• For reports retrieved online, identify the publisher as part of the retrieval statement unless the publisher has been identified as the author or is apparent from the URL. See the CRS Report example.
   
• When the author and publisher are the same, use the word Author as the name of the publisher.
   
• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of report in sentence case and italics (CRS Report No. xxxxxxx). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Erwin, M. C. (2011). Intelligence issues for Congress (CRS Report No. RL33539). Retrieved from Congressional Research Service website: http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf

T: (Erwin, 2011)

R: Author, A. A. OR Organization. (Year). Title of report in sentence case and italics (GAO-xx-xxx). Place of Publication: Publisher.

R: Berrick, C. A. (2009). Homeland security: DHS’s progress and challenges in key areas of maritime, aviation, and cybersecurity (GAO-10-106). Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office.

R: Name of Department. (Year). Title of document in sentence case and italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T (first citation): (Name of Department [Acronym], year)

R: Department of State. (1948). Eastern Europe; The Soviet Union. Foreign relations of the United States, 1948. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Retrieved from http://digital.library.wisc.edu/1711.dl/FRUS.FRUS1948v04

T (first citation): (Department of State [DOS], 1948)

R: Obama, B. (2015). National security strategy. Washington, DC: White House.

T: (Obama, 2015)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of technical report in sentence case and italics (Report No. xxx). Retrieved from Agency Name website: URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Tang, K. L., & Eignor, D. R. (2001). A study in the use of collateral statistical information in attempting to reduce TOEFL IRT item parameter estimation sample sizes (Report Nos. RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17). Retrieved from ETS website: https://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/
publications/report/2001/hsfb

R: Agency Name. (Year). Title of technical report in sentence case and italics (Report No. xxx). DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: National Toxicology Program. (2012). Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies) (Report No. TR-576). Retrieved from https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm
/reports/longterm/tr500580/listedreports/tr576/index.html

T (first citation): (National Toxicology Program [NTP], 2012)

T (subsequent citations): (NTP, 2012)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of technical report in sentence case and italics (Report No. xxx). Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author, year)

R: Jones, K. A., & Johnson, F. (2015). The absorption rate of E. coli in cats (Report No. 17-59). Madison, WI: Veterinary Studies.

T: (Jones & Johnson, 2015)

R: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., ... Author, Z. Z. or Organization. (year). Title of report in sentence case and italics (Report No. xxx). DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Dixon, L., Clancy, N., Miller, B. M., Hoegberg, S. Lewis, M. M., Bender, B., ... Choquette, S. R. (2017). The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City (Report No. RR1776-NYCEDC). Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/
research_reports/RR1700/RR1776/RAND_RR1776.pdf

• Only use secondary sources when the primary source is unavailable. How to cite secondary sources.

R: List the secondary source that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

R: Nicholson, I. A. M. (2003). Inventing personality: Gordon Allport and the science of selfhood. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

• For guidance on most common social media types, see the APA Style Blog.

R: Author, A. A. or Organization or Screen Name [handle]. (Full date). Title of post or shortened tweet text in sentence case [media platform and type]. Retrieved from URL

T: (Author or Organization or Screen
Name, year)

R: Enginewarmup [@Owl_pellets]. (2018, December 18). Use your good judgment when shortening tweets [Twitter]. Retrieved from https://twitter.com/owl_pellets/poopies128987899

T: (Enginewarmup, 2018)

R: Babygiraffe [@babygiraffehaslastlaugh]. (2014, January 7). Mocking those visiting the zoo [Instagram video]. Retrieved from https://instagram.com/p/s340[jafmOujejl

T: (Babygiraffe, 2014)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: List the source that quotes or reprints the speech you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

R: Smith, J. (Ed.). (2009). Well said! Great speeches in American history. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing.

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case and italics (Type of document). DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Moon, T. D. (2009). Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam (Master’s thesis). Retrieved from
http://hdl.handle.net/10945/4694

T: (Moon, 2009)

R: Rivera, J. (2010). Software system architecture modeling methodology for naval gun weapon systems (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10945/10504

T: (Rivera, 2010)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case and italics (Type of document). Available from Database. (Identification number)

T: (Author, year)

R: Choi, M. (2008). Contesting imaginaires in death rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty (Doctoral dissertation). Available from ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database. (AAT 3300426).

T: (Choi, 2008)

R: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case and italics (Type of document). Name of Institution, Location.

T: (Author, year)

R: Crowell, F. (2015). Navy SEALS gone wild: Publicity, fame, and the loss of the quiet professional (Master’s thesis). Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA.

T: (Crowell, 2015)

• Include page numbers in in-text citations only when citing quoted material.

R: Author, A. A. (Year produced). Title of manuscript in sentence case and italics. Unpublished manuscript.

T: (Author, year)

R: Horse, B. B. (1995). Back in the saddle. Unpublished manuscript.

T: (Horse, 1995)

R: Author, A. A. (Year produced). Title of manuscript in sentence case and italics. Manuscript submitted for publication. DOI or Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Horse, B. B. (1996). Back in the saddle 2: Back in the saddle. Manuscript submitted for publication. Retrieved from http://horse.com/bits2bits

T: (Horse, 1996)

R: Author, A. A. (in press). Title of article in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, volume in italics(issue number). DOI or Retrieved from URL

R: Briscoe, R. (in press). Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. Retrieved from http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf

T: (Briscoe, in press)

• Title of website rarely includes ".com"—for example, BBC online is "BBC," not "BBC.com."
   
• Italicize newspaper names, not names of news organizations—for example, The New York Times, not Reuters, Bloomberg, CNN, etc. These news organizations only have an online presence, whereas The New York Times has both an online and print counterpart.
   
• If additional information is necessary for identification and retrieval of a reference, it may be included in brackets immediately after the title and any parenthetical information.
   
• When citing a direct quotation from a website without page numbers, include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. A direct quotation might provide chapter number, section heading, and paragraph number within the section.

R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Retrieved from URL

T: (Author, year, para. xxx)

R: Roth, R. (2017, April 18). 75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history. Retrieved from http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/
75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html

T: (Roth, 2017, para. 2)

R: Author, A. A. (Full date). Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Retrieved from Name of Website in Title Case website: URL

T: (Author, year)

R: Sushi, U. Q. (1995, Sept. 30). Absorption of cats in sushi. Retrieved from Sushi Lab website: http://www.wallcrust.com/hgtehrwOIASD.html

T: (Sushi, 1995)

R: Organization. (Full date). Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Retrieved from URL

T: (Organization, year)

R: Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2017, April 6). Forging papers to sell fake art. Retrieved from https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art

T (first citation): (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI], 2017)

T (subsequent citations): (FBI, 2017)

R: Author, A. A. (n.d.). Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Retrieved full date, from URL

R: Washington, G. (n.d.). About the Department of Defense (DoD). Retrieved April 18, 2017, from https://www.defense.gov/About/

T: (Washington, n.d.)

R: Author, A. A. (n.d.). Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Retrieved full date, from Name of Website in Title Case website: URL

T: (Author, n.d.)

R: Python, M. (n.d.). Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk. Retrieved August 6, 2017, from Ministry of Silly Walks website: http://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers

T: (Python, n.d.)

R: Jane’s by IHS Markit. (year). Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Retrieved from URL

T: (Jane’s by IHS Markit, year)

R: Jane’s by IHS Markit. (2016). Mali: Executive summary. Retrieved from https://janes.ihs.com.libproxy.nps.edu/NorthAfrica/Display/1303746

T: (Jane’s by IHS Markit, 2016)

• Wikipedia is not normally an accepted source in academia; please ask your instructor or advisor.

R: Title of entry in sentence case. (n.d.). In Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Retrieved full date, from URL

T: ("Title of entry," n.d.)

R: Psychology. (n.d.) In Wikipedia. Retrieved May 17, 2011, from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology

T: (“Psychology,” n.d.)