Citation Guide

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of blog post in sentence case,” Title of Blog in Title Case, blog, full date of publication or modification [Online]. Available: URL

[1] J. Locke, “Effect of weird tails in 35mm Innsmouth sprocket periodicity distributions on re-tiered bicyclical phase shifting using Cthulhean logic,” The Thing’s Credible!, blog, December 22, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://wrywhisker.pulpfriction.net/wallcrust/linear-colinear-felinear.html

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of chapter in sentence case,” in Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, B. B. Editor and C. C. Editor, Eds. Place of Publication: Publisher, year, pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter.

[1] P. Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and U.S. foreign policy,” in Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management, D. Moran and J. A. Russell, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Routledge, 2009, pp. 62–74.

[#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, “Title of chapter in sentence case,” in Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, D. D. Editor, Ed. Place of Publication: Publisher, year, pp. starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter.

[2] A. H. Cordesman, A. Mausner, and D. Kasten, Introduction, in Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces, J. Smith, Ed. Washington, DC, USA: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009, pp. 4–5.

• No quotation marks needed for book sections with generic names, such as Introduction, Foreword, Preface, etc.

DOI or URL  Zotero 

[1] M. E. Bonds, Absolute Music: The History of an Idea. New York, NY, USA: Oxford University Press, 2014 [Online]. Available:  https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004

From book provider  Zotero 

[2] A. Krishnan, War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 2008 [Online]. Available: Kindle

From library database  Zotero 

[3] J. Crabtree and A. Chaplin, Bolivia: Processes of Change. London, England: Zed Books, 2013 [Online] Available: ProQuest

[#] A. A. Author, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

[1] M. Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York, NY, USA: Penguin, 2006.

[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, edition number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

[2] A. Strindberg and M. Wärn, Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance, 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley and Sons, 2011.

[#] A. A. Author, B. B. Author, and C. C. Author, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

[3] A. H. Cordesman, A. Mausner, and D. Kasten, Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces. Washington, DC, USA: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009.

• Always include abbreviated state and country of publication.
   
• For works with a translator, follow the guidance for edited books but substitute "Trans." for "Ed."

• Class notes include lecture notes, slides, and any other course-related material published by an instructor.
   
• If class notes are not available to your readers, format as a personal communication using professor's/lecturer's name and "class notes."
   
• Class notes and lectures published to your online course site are considered unpublished.

Class Notes  Zotero 

[1] “Python NumPy tutorial,” class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Dept. of Comp. Sci., Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA, spring 2017 [Online]. Available: https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/

Lecture  Zotero 

[2]: B. B. Horse, “Horseshoes and hand grenades: On the joys of approximation,” Lecture at Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY, USA, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://horse.com/

[#] “Title of lecture in sentence case,” class notes for Title of Class in Title Case, Abbreviated Name of Department, Institution, Location of Institution, academic quarter year.

[3] “Formatting a thesis,” class notes for Adventures in Academic Writing, Dept. of Dragon Husbandry, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, USA, spring 2017.

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of speech/presentation/brief in sentence case,” presented at Abbreviated Venue, Location of Presentation, Month and day of Presentation (if available), year [Online]. Available: DOI or URL

[4] L. Randall, “Unification in warped extra dimensions and bulk holography,” presented at Cavendish Lab., Univ. of Cambridge, Cambridge, England, Jul. 19, 2002 [Online]. Available: https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/events/strings02/avt/randall/

• Citation is required only if the software is not well known.

[#] Company or A. A. Creator, Place of Publication. Year published. Title of Software in Title Case, ver. xx. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] M. Borenstein, L. Hedges, J. Higgins, and H. Rothstein. Englewood, NJ, USA. 2005. Comprehensive
Meta-Analysis, ver. 2. [Online]. Available: https://www.meta-analysis.com/

DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

[#] “Title of entry in sentence case,” Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Abbreviated accessed date [Online]. Available: URL

[1] “Metamorphosis,” Merriam-Webster. Accessed Jul. 6, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis

[#] Department or Company, Title of fact sheet in sentence case and italics, document identification number, year [Online]. Available: URL

[1] Texas Instruments, LM555 timer, SNAS548D, 2015 [Online]. Available: https://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/lm555.pdf

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

[#] Name of Directive in Title Case and Italics, document identification number, Name of Issuing Organization, Place of Publication, year [Online]. Available: URL

[1] The Defense Acquisition System, DOD Directive 5000.1, Under Secretary of Defense (AT&L), Washington, DC, USA, 2020 [Online]. Available: https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/issuances/dodd/500001p.pdf?ver=2020-09-09-160307-310

[#] Title of Joint Doctrine in Title Case and Italics, document identification number, Department, Place of Publication, year [Online]. Available: URL

[1] Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, JP-1, Joint Chiefs of Staff, Washington, DC, USA, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf

[#] Title of Manual in Title Case and Italics, document identification number, Department, Place of Publication, year [Online]. Available: URL

[1] Sniper Training, FM 23-10, Department of the Army, Washington, DC, USA, 1995 [Online]. Available: https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf

CRS Report  Zotero 

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of CRS report in sentence case,” Place of Publication, Report Number, year [Online]. Available: URL

CRS Report

[1] M. C. Erwin, "Intelligence issues for Congress,"  Washington DC, USA, CRS Report No. RL33539, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf

GAO Report  Zotero 

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of GAO report in sentence case,” Place of Publication, Report Number, year.

GAO Report

[2] C. A. Berrick, "Homeland security: DHS’s progress and challenges in key areas of maritime, aviation, and cybersecurity," Washington, DC, USA, GAO Report No. GAO-10-106, 2009.

Strategy Document / Other Government Report  Zotero 

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of report in sentence case,” Place of Publication, year [Online]. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

Note: In the actual examples given here, the names of the strategies are treated as proper nouns and therefore capitalized.

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

[3] White House, "National Security Strategy of the United States of America," Washington, DC, USA, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://permanent.fdlp.gov/lps90878/2017/NSSFinal121820170905.pdf

[4] Joint Chiefs of Staff, "National Military Strategy of the United States of America," Washington, DC, USA, 2015 [Online]. Available: https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/National_Military_Strategy_2015.pdf

[5] Department of Defense, "Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America," Washington, DC, USA, 2018 [Online]. Available: https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf

[#] Name of Instruction in Title Case and Italics, document identification number, Name of Issuing Organization, Place of Publication, year.

[2] Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention, DOD Instruction 1000.01, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2012.

[#] A. A. Author, "Title of memorandum in sentence case,"  official memorandum, Name of Issuing Organization, Place of Publication, year [Online]. Available: URL

[1] T. M. Takai, "Adoption of the national information exchange model within the Department of Defense," official memorandum, Department of Defense, Washington, DC, USA, 2013 [Online]. Available: https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf

[1] Transmission Systems for Potatoes, 168th ed., Western Spud Co., Kinston-Slalom, ID, USA, 1972 [Online]. Available: https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html

[2] Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed., Western Electric Co., Winston-Salem, NC, USA, 1985, pp. 44–60.

[#] A. A. Author and B. B. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” Abbreviated Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics, vol. xxx, no. xxx, pp. starting page of article–ending page of article, Abbreviated Month and year published [Online]. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

DOI or URL  Zotero 

[1]: G. Sanico and M. Kakinaka, “Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support,” Def. Peace Econ., vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 153–167, Apr. 2008 [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419

From library database  Zotero 

[2] W. W. Newmann, “Reorganizing for national security and homeland security,” Pub. Admin. Rev., vol. 62, no. S1, pp. 126–137, Sep. 2002 [Online]. Available: ProQuest

[#] Legislative body. xxx Congress, Session. (year, Abbreviated Month and day). Number of Bill or Resolution, Title of Document in Title Case and Italics. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] U.S. House. 102nd Congress, 1st Session. (1991, Jan. 11). H. Con. Res. 1, To Express the Sense of the Congress That Congress Must Approve Any Offensive Military Action Against Iraq. [Online]. Available: https://www.congress.gov/bill/102nd-congress/house-concurrent-resolution/1?q=%7B%22search%22%3A%5B%22h.+con.+res.+1%
22%5D%7D&s=1&r=1

[#] Title of Act in Title Case, Pub. L. No. xxx, volume Source page number. Year published [Online]. Available: URL

[3] Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101–336, 104 Stat. 327. 1990 [Online]. Available: https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-104/STATUTE-104-Pg327

[#] Google. “Title of map in sentence case.” Abbreviated accessed date [Online]. Available: URL.

[1] Google. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed Jul. 6, 2017 [Online]. Available:
https://www.google.com/maps/
place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/data=
!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311.

[#] Video Owner/Creator, Location [if available, include country]. Title of Video in Title Case and Italics. (Release date). Accessed: Full Date [Online Video]. Available: URL

[1] CNN.  “US Military Sends Warships, Aircraft to Texas.” (August 31, 2017). Accessed: Jan. 19, 2022 [Online Video]. Available: https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-response/

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics, Abbreviated Month and day, year [Online]. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

[1] L. Linguine, “Animal fat shampoos for achieving angel hair,” Knife and Spork Semi-Weekly, Jul. 15, 2016 [Online]. Available: http://www.chickenyodeling.com/dfjgp98y4t34_pherg899h.html/

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics, Abbreviated Month and day, year.

[2] J. Stulberg, “The art of creating crossword puzzles,” The New York Times, Jul. 15, 2016.

• If more than one date, use the year of issuance.

Patent

Zotero 

[#] A. A. Rightsholder, “Title of patent in sentence case,” U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, Abbreviated Month and day of issuance, year of issuance. [Online]. Available: URL

[1] A. G. Bell, “Improvement in telegraphy,” U.S. Patent 174465, Mar. 7, 1876 [Online]. Available: https://www.google.com/patents/US174465

• Personal communication is material obtained directly from a person, organization, or other source that your typical readers will be unable to access.
   
• A source should be cited as a personal communication when there is no direct, reliable path for your readers to retrieve the information. Examples include
  phone calls, conversations, letters, emails, files attached to an email Including attachments, internal documents, documents posted to a listserv or internal
  server, or any unpublished source to which your readers have no access.
   
• If a personal name is not given, a generic job title is acceptable. Example: [3] Agency Management, personal communication, Apr. 2022.

Email, Interview, Private Communication, etc.

Zotero 

[#] A. A. Interlocutor, private communication or interview or email, Abbreviated Month of communication year.

[1] J. Jojo, email, Sep. 2009.

[2] L. Chukwuemeka, interview, Sep. 2009.

[3] R. Ajanlekoko, private communication, Sep. 2009.

• An official report is freestanding and should have publisher and/or copyright information. If it is not freestanding, then format it as a webpage.

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of report in sentence case,” Abbreviated Company, Place of Publication, Report Number, year [Online]. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

In your text: Use et al. when three or more names are given.

[1] L. Dixon, N. Clancy, B. M. Miller, S. Hoegberg, M. M. Lewis, B. Bender, S. Ebinger, et al., “The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City,” RAND Corp., Santa Monica, CA, USA, RR-1776-NYCEDC, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html

In your text: Dixon et al. [1] extended the work . . .

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of technical report in sentence case,” Abbrev. Name of Company, Place of Publication, Rep. xxxxxxx, year [Online]. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

[1] S. V. Effendi and X. Vilhjálmsson, “The absorption rate of potatoes in salmonella,” Dept. Vet. Stud., Madison, WI, USA, Rep. 17-59, 2009 [Online]. Available: https://vetstudies.edu/donteatthosefries.html

[#] Organization Name, “Title of technical report in sentence case,” Place of Publication, Rep. xxxxxxx, year [Online]. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

[3] National Toxicology Program, “Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1/N mice (Topical Application Studies),” Washington, DC, USA, Rep. TR-576, 2012 [Online]. Available: https://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/results/pubs/longterm/reports/longterm/tr500580
?/listedreports/tr576/index.html

• Only use secondary sources when the primary source is unavailable. How to cite secondary sources.

[#] List the secondary source that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

In your text: See example.

[1] I. A. M. Nicholson, Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood. Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association, 2003.

In your text: We can see this principle at work in the following passage from Allport’s diary, quoted in [1].

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case,” M.S. thesis or Ph.D. dissertation, Abbreviated Department, Abbreviated Institution, Location of Institution, year published [Online]. Available: DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case

[2] T. D. Moon, “Rising dragon: Infrastructure development and Chinese influence in Vietnam,” M.S. thesis, Dept. of Natl. Sec. Aff., NPS, Monterey, CA, USA, 2009 [Online]. Available: https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694

[#] A. A. Author, “Title of article in sentence case,” unpublished.

[1] R. Briscoe, “Egocentric spatial representation in action and perception,” unpublished.

[#] A. A. Author, “Title, section, or page name in sentence case,” Name of Website in Title Case, full date of publication or modification [Online]. Available: URL

[1] R. Roth, “75 years ago, the Doolittle Raid changed history,” CNN, April 18, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html

[#] “Title, section, or page name in sentence case,” Janes, Full date of publication or modification [Online]. Available: URL

[4] “Mali: Executive summary,” Janes, May 31, 2017 [Online]. Available: https://customer.janes.com/

• Wikipedia is not normally an accepted source in academia; please ask your instructor or advisor.

[#] “Title of entry in sentence case,” Wikipedia in Italics. Abbreviated accessed date [Online]. Available: URL

[1] “Psychology,” Wikipedia. Accessed May 17, 2011 [Online]. Available: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology