• While generative AI can help you develop initial understanding of a topic, it should not be cited in your work as a source of reliable information; see Guidance for Gen AI Use in Academic Work and DKL's GenAI research guide.

R: Company (year) Title of GenAI in sentence case, version number if available. Accessed date, URL.

T: (Company year)

In your text: Include the prompt and the relevant portion of the response.

R: SandwichAI (2024) ChatBLT, version 1,326,495.2. Accessed June 24, 2024, https://nocrust.sandwichai.com/.

T: (SandwichAI 2024)

In your text: As part of our methodology, we asked ChatBLT to "Calculate the ratio of mayonnaise to bread as a single (n−1)-dimensional hyperplane using the ham sandwich theorem." It responded with "42."

R: Author AA (year) Title of chapter in sentence case. Editor AA, ed. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Publisher, Place of Publication), starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter.

T: (Author year)

R: Haynes P (2009) Al-Qaeda, oil dependence, and US foreign policy. Goodname A, ed. Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management (Routledge, New York), 62–74.

T: (Haynes 2009)

R: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC (year) Title of section in sentence case. Editor AA, Editor BB, eds. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Publisher, Place of Publication), starting page of section–ending page of section.

T: (Author A et al. year)

R: Cordesman AH, Mausner A, Kasten D (2009) Introduction. Python MM, Monty PP, eds. Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC), 15–25.

T: (Cordesman et al. 2009)

R: Author AA (year) Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

T: (Author year, location information)

DOI or URL

R: Bonds ME (2014) Absolute Music: The History of an Idea, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004.

T: (Bonds 2014, ch. 2)

From a book provider

R: Molly CC (2006) Training Dogs: A Cat's Guide with Step-by-Step Instructions on Maintaining Control of the House While Staying Insanely Cute, https://www.amazon.com.

T: (Molly 2006) 

From a library database

R: Crabtree J, Chaplin A (2013) Bolivia: Processes of Change, ProQuest.

T: (Crabtree and Chaplin 2013) 

• When citing a direct quotation from an electronic book without page numbers, include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. The citation might include a chapter number, section heading, or paragraph number within the section.

R: Author AA (year) Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Publisher, Place of Publication).

T: (Author year)

R: Pollan M (2006) The Omnivore's Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (Penguin, New York).

T: (Pollan 2006, p. 15)

R: Author AA, Author BB (year) Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, xx ed. (Publisher, Place of Publication).

T: (Author A and  Author B year)

R: Strindberg A, Wärn M (2011) Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance, 2nd ed. (John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ).

T: (Strindberg and Wärn 2011)

R: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC (year) Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Publisher, Place of Publication).

T: (Author A et al. year)

R: Cordesman AH, Mausner A, Kasten D (2009) Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces (Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, DC).

T: (Cordesman et al. 2009, p. 23)

R: Author AA (year) Title of lecture in sentence case. Class notes or Lecture, Name of Class in Title Case, Month and day of Lecture, Department, School, Location of Institution, DOI or URL.

T: (Author year)

R: Blanche C (2017) How to be the cutest cat in the world. Lecture, Meow Studies 402, August 21, Department of Applied Whiskers, Finishing School for Pets, Monterey, CA, https://wallcrust.com/meows/cats.whiskers.

T: (Blanche 2017)

R: Author AA (year) Title of class or lecture in sentence case. Class notes or Lecture, Name of Class in Title Case, Month and day of Lecture, Department, School, Location of Institution.

T: (Author year)

Class notes:

R: Houston A (2016) Why capitalization matters when visiting the House of Potato Chips. Class notes, Performance Management and Budgeting, University of Idaho, September 28, Fort Chip, ID.

T: (Houston 2016)

Lecture:

R: Norton ME (2004) Optimizing the rotational velocity of lizards through ceiling fan modulation. Lecture, Introduction to Veterinary Studies, May 2, Department of Dragon Husbandry, Charlatan State University, Monogahela, WV.

T: (Norton 2004)

R: Author AA (year) Title of presentation in sentence case. Presentation or Workshop, Name of Event in Title Case, Month and day of Presentation, Venue, Location of Venue, DOI or URL.

T: (Author year)

R: Horse BB (2020) Horseshoes and hand grenades: On the joys of approximation. Presentation, Conference on Improbable Probabilities, Belmont Race Track, Elmont, NY, https://horse.edu/horseshoesandgrenades.

T: (Horse 2020)

R: Rightsholder AA, Rightsholder BB, Rightsholder CC, Rightsholder DD (year) Title of obscure software in sentence case. Accessed date, DOI or URL.

T: (Rightsholder AA et al. year)

How to cite multiple authors

R: Borenstein M, Hedges L, Higgins J, Rothstein H (2005) Comprehensive meta-analysis, version 2. Accessed May 8, 2015, http://www.meta-analysis.com/?index.html.

T: (Borenstein et al. 2005)

R: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC (year) Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics (Venue, Location of Conference), DOI or URL.

T: (Author A et al. year)

How to cite multiple authors

R: Morentz JW, Doyle C, Skelly L, Adam N (2009) Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security initiative in information sharing. 2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (Waltham, MA), https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032.

T: (Morentz et al. 2009)

R: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC (year) Title of article in sentence case. Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics (Venue, Location of Conference), starting page of article–ending page of article.

T: (Author A et al. year)

R: Katz I, Gabayan K, Aghajan H (2007) A multi-touch surface using multiple cameras. Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems: 9th International Conference (Berlin, Germany), 97–108.

T: (Katz I et al. 2007)

R: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC (year) Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Title of Conference in Title Case, Location of Conference.

T: (Author A et al. year)

R: Teplin LA, McClelland GM, Abram KM, Mileusnic D (2005) Early violent death in delinquent youth: A prospective longitudinal study. Ann. Mtg. of the Amer. Psych.-Law Soc., La Jolla, CA.

T: (Teplin et al. 2005) 

• For information retrieved from a database, provide enough information for your readers to replicate the data. Include in your text the name of the database or the data source, along with other descriptive information (such as the unit of observation, the years selected, the sample size, and/or other selection criteria). The database does not necessarily need to appear in your List of References.

R: Author AA or Organization (year) Title of study in sentence case. Organization. Accessed date, DOI or URL.

T: (Author or Organization year)

R: Suro R (2004) Changing channels and crisscrossing culture: A survey of Latinos on news media. Pew Research Center. Accessed April 30, 2012, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.

T: (Suro 2004)

R: Author AA (year) Data provided to the author via personal communication, Month and day.

T: (Author year)

R: Blanche C (2006) Data provided to the author via email, August 30.

T: (Blanche 2006) 

R: Title of entry in sentence case (year accessed) Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Accessed date, DOI or URL.

T: (Title of entry year accessed)

R: Metamorphosis (2011) Merriam-Webster. Accessed March 4, 2011, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis.

T: (Metamorphosis 2011)

R: Department (year) Title of fact sheet in sentence case, DOI or URL.

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym] year)

T (subsequent citations): (Acronym of Department year)

R: Department of Labor (2008) The construction industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA), https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/fact-sheets/1-flsa-construction.

T (first citation): (Department of Labor [DOL] 2008)

T (subsequent citations): (DOL 2008)

R: Organization (year) Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number (Place of Publication), DOI or URL.

T: (Organization year)

R: Western Spud (1972) Transmission Systems for Potatoes, 168th ed. (Kinston-Slalom, ID), https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html.

T: (Western Spud 1972)

R: Organization (year) Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number (Place of Publication).

T: (Organization year)

R: Western Electric (1985) Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC).

T: (Western Electric 1985)

R: Author AA, Author BB (year) Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume(issue number), DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

T: (Author A and Author B year, p. xxx)

How to cite multiple authors

DOI or URL

R: Sanico GF, Kakinaka M (2008) Terrorism and deterrence policy with transnational support. J. of Def. and Peace 19(2), https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419.

T: (Sanico and Kakinaka 2008, p. 588)

From a library database

R: Brown GG, Dell RH, Holtz, H, Newman AM (2003) How US Air Force Space Command optimizes long-term investment in space systems. INFORMS J. on Applied Analytics 33(4), INFORMS PubsOnLine.

T: (Brown et al. 2003, p. 2)

R: Author AA (year) Title of article in sentence case. Abbreviated Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume(issue number):starting page of article–ending page of article.

T: (Author year)

R: Griffin G (2009) Managing peacekeeping communications. J. of Bus. Continuity & Emer. Planning 3(4):317–327.

T: (Griffin 2009)

R: None

T: None

In your text: (Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, xxx Cong. (year))

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: The Managed Competition Act (H.R. 5936, 102nd Cong. (1992)) noted that potatoes are smarter than E. coli–laden cats . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include name of act, C.F.R. title number and section number (title number C.F.R. § xxx), and year published.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In 2006, the Department of Energy introduced the Renewable Energy Production Incentives (10 C.F.R. § 451), which . . .

or

In 10 C.F.R. § 451 (2006), the Department of Energy establishes guidelines on Renewable Energy Production Incentives, which . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include title of hearing, date, and any other useful identifying information.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In 2009, the House Committee on the Budget held a hearing on the Long-term Sustainability of Current Defense Plans to ascertain . . . 

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include name of testifier, title of hearing, date, and any other useful identifying information.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In his 2015 testimony during the NASA Infrastructure–Enabling Discovery, Enabling Durability hearing, NASA lead scientist Paul K. Martin remarked that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Party Names (Case ID [includes first page of decision] (Court Abbreviation and year))

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In the case Lessard v. Schmidt (349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)), the court ruled that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Party Names (Case ID [includes first page of decision (year))

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In the case Winter v. NRDC, Inc. (129 S. Ct. 365 (2008)), the court ruled that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include "Title of Executive Order in Title Case," executive order number, and year.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In 2013, Executive Order 13655, "Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay," established that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: none

In your text: Include the title and year of the act.

Note: if the year is included in the act, there is no need to repeat it

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act established . . . 

Footnote: See header notes.

R: Author AA (year) Title of article in sentence case. Title of Magazine or Newspaper in Title Case and Italics (Month and day).

T: (Author year)

R: Beforebad S (2014) Cold spaghetti: To eat or not to eat? Pasta Dynamics (January 1).

T: (Beforebad 2014)

R: Title of Magazine or Newspaper in Title Case and Italics (year) Title of article in sentence case (Month and day), DOI or URL

T: (Title of Magazine or Newspaper year)

R: The Economist (2014) So long easy money: Foreign drug firms face a severe profit squeeze (June 12), https://www.economist.com/news/business/21604178-foreign-drug-firms-face-severe-profit-squeeze-so-long-easy-money.

T: (The Economist 2014, p. 18)

R: Rightsholder AA (year patent issued) Patent Number in Title Case. Patent Office, Location of Office, DOI or URL.

T: (Patent number year)

R: Bell AG (1876) U.S. Patent No. 174,465. U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Washington, DC, https://www.google.com/patents/US174465.

T: (U.S. Patent No. 174,465 1846)?

R: Correspondent AA (year) Type of information provided to the author via personal communication, Month and day.

T: (Correspondent year)

R: Wunkerbunk TT (2002) Moss-growing statistics provided to the author via personal communication, June 11.

T: (Wunkerbunk 2002)

R: Interviewee AA (year) Interview by Interviewer. Medium, Month and day. Name of Institution.

T: (Interviewee year)

R: Monster C (1985) Interview by Ernest J. Keebler. Betamax, November 20. Keebler Company.

R: List the indirect source that quotes or discusses the material you're referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

In your text: Signal phrase (citation of indirect source, using the appropriate in-text format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

In your text: See example.

R: Nicholson, IAM (2003) Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood (American Psychological Association, Washington, DC).

In your text: We can see this principle at work in the following passage from Allport’s diary, as cited in Nicholson (2003): " . . . "

R: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC or Organization (year) Title of report in sentence case. Type of document and identification number, Organization, Place of Publication, Country if not in U.S., DOI or URL.

T: (Author et al. or Organization year)

How to cite multiple authors

R: Dixon L, Clancy N, Miller BM, Hoegberg, S, Lewis MM, Bender B, Ebinger S (2017) The cost and affordability of flood insurance in New York City. Report RR-1776-NYCEDC, RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html.

R: Author AA, Author BB, Author CC (year) Title of report in sentence case. Type of document and identification number, Organization, Place of Publication, Country if not in U.S., DOI or URL.

T: (Author et al. or Organization year)

How to cite multiple authors

R: Wonka W, Loompa O, Bucket C (1972) Stochastic error-correction in a hyperbaric ethereal pulley system for vitreous personal vertical displacement apparatuses (PVDA). Technical report VK-1916, GLOOP Corporation, Great Missenden, UK, https://www.beanfeast.org/badegg/wahwah.pdf.

R: Organization (year) Title of report in sentence case. Type of document and identification number, Place of Publication, Country if not in U.S., DOI or URL.

T: (Organization year)

R: Trotter Agricultural Group (1961) Applications for transatlantic perambulation of gigantomorphic distention in P. persica. Technical Report OGG-19551962, New York, https://www.centipede.org/502seagulls.pdf.

T: (Trotter Agricultural Group 1961)

R: Author AA (year) Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case. Type of document, Institution, Location of Institution (if not included in institution name), Database (document identification number).

T: (Author year)

R: Nekeip R (2008) Pescatarians and daisies: A match made in sushi heaven. Master’s thesis, Garden of Sushi School of Sushi, Maui, HI, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses database (AAT 3300426).

T: (Nekeip 2008)

R: Author AA (year) Title of thesis/dissertation in sentence case. Type of document, Department Name, Institution, Location of Institution (if not included in institution name), DOI or URL.

T: (Author year)

R: Yoshi H (1988) Effects of pizza consumption on katana-wielding dexterity in terrapinoids. Doctoral dissertation, Department of Reptile Bellicosity, Eastman & Laird University, New York, https://hdl.handle.net/6576565753/splinter.html.

T: (Yoshi 1988)

R: Author AA (year) Title of document in sentence case. Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics. Forthcoming, DOI or URL.

T: (Author year)

R: Horse BB (1996) Back in the saddle 2: Back in the saddle. Gaucho Marx: A Journal of Cowpoke Consciousness. Forthcoming, https://blahblahblahhorse.com/bits2bits.

T: (Horse 1996)

Unpublished Work

(print)

R: Author AA (year) Title of document in sentence case. Unpublished type of document, Organization, Location of Organization.

T: (Author year)

R: Horse BB (1995) Back in the saddle. Unpublished memoir, Leaping H Ranch, Peoria, IL.

T: (Horse 1995)

R: Author AA (year) Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Name of Website in Title Case. Accessed date, URL.

T: (Author year)

R: Sushi UQ (1995) Absorption of cats in sushi. Sushi Lab. Accessed November 9, 1999, https://www.wallcrust.com/hgtehrwOIASD.html.

T: (Sushi 1995)

R: Organization (year) Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Accessed date, URL

T: (Organization year)

R: Department of Norton  (2024) Laughing until it hurts. Accessed 23 September 2024, https://www.wallcrust/montypython/deadparrots/potatoes/ecoli/cannibalism/horses/milkshakesmusselsmaitais.com.

T (first citation): (Department of Norton [DON] 2024)

T (subsequent citations): (DON 2024)

R: Author AA or Organization (year accessed) Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Name of Website in Title Case. Accessed date, URL.

T: (Author year accessed)

R: Python M (2017) Finding a dead parrot on a silly walk. Ministry of Silly Walks. Accessed August 6, 2017, https://www.omgitsadeadparrot.com/feathers.

T: (Python 2017)

R: Janes (year) Title, section, or page name in sentence case. Accessed date, URL.

T: (Janes year)

R: Janes (2017) Mali: Country overview. Accessed June 16, 2017, https://customer.janes.com/CountryIntelligence/Countries/Country_986.

T: (Janes 2017)

R: Title of entry in sentence case (year accessed) Wikipedia. Accessed date, DOI or URL.

T: (Title of entry year accessed)

R: Psychology (2016) Wikipedia. Accessed October 10, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology.

T: (Psychology 2016)