Citation Guide

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Post in Title Case,” Title of Blog in Title Case and Italics (blog), Full date, URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Post in Title Case.”

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Post in Title Case.” Title of Blog in Title Case and Italics (blog). Full date. URL.

N: Eric Idle, “Just a Flesh Wound,” Hamster Moms (blog), June 25, 2014, http://omgitsadeadparrot.com/2014/06/25/hamstermoms.

S: Idle, "Just a Flesh Wound.”

B: Idle, Eric. “Just a Flesh Wound.” Hamster Moms (blog). June 25, 2014. http://omgitsadeadparrot.com/2014/06/25/hamstermoms.

N: Screen Name or Author First and Last Name, Full date, comment on [full blog citation].

S: Screen Name or Author Last Name, comment on blog author last name.

B: None

N: MiddleKid, January 22, 2007, comment on P. Z. Myers, “The Unfortunate Prerequisites and Consequences of Partitioning Your Mind,” ScienceBlogs, January 22, 2007, http://scienceblogs.com/pharyngula/2007/01/22/the-unfortunate-prerequisites/.

S: MiddleKid, comment on Myers.

B: None

N: Author First and Last Name, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, read by [Reader Name] (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), locator, Audiobook Provider in Title Case.

S: Last Name, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, locator.

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Read by [Reader Name]. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. Audiobook Provider in Title Case, total length.

N: Cheryl Strayed, Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail, read by Bernadette Dunne (New York: Random House Audio, 2012), loc. 7:05:22, Audible.

S: Strayed, Wild, loc. 00:25:56.

B: Strayed, Cheryl. Wild: From Lost to Found on the Pacific Crest Trail. Read by Bernadette Dunne. New York: Random House Audio, 2012. Audible, 13:06:00.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” in Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, ed. Editor1 and Editor2 (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].

S: Last Name, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Chapter in Title Case." In Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, edited by Editor1 and Editor2, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

N: Peter Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, Oil Dependence, and U.S. Foreign Policy,” in Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management, ed. Daniel Moran and James A. Russell (New York: Routledge, 2009), 70.

S: Haynes, “Al-Qaeda, Oil Dependence, and U.S. Foreign Policy,” 70.

B: Haynes, Peter. “Al-Qaeda, Oil Dependence, and U.S. Foreign Policy.” In Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management, edited by Daniel Moran and James A. Russell, 62–74. New York: Routledge, 2009.

N: First1 Last1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” in Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, ed. Editor (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].

S: Last Names, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” page[s].

B: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3. “Title of Chapter.” In Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, edited by Editor, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

N: Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam Mausner, and David Kasten, introduction to Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces, ed. John Smith (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009), 4–5.

S: Cordesman, Mausner, and Kasten, Introduction, 7.

B: Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. Introduction to Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces, edited by John Smith, 1–12. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009.

• No quotation marks needed for book sections with generic names, such as Introduction, Foreword, Preface, etc.

N: Author First and Last Name, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s] or location or chapter number, DOI or URL or Name of Database or Book Provider in Title Case

S: Last Name, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, year published. DOI or URL or Name of Database Name or Book Provider in Title Case

DOI or URL  Zotero 

N: Mark Evan Bonds, Absolute Music: The History of an Idea (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), chap. 3, https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0004.

S: Bonds, Absolute Music, 35.

B: Bonds, Mark Evan. Absolute Music: The History of an Idea. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.001.0001.

From book provider  Zotero 

N: Armin Krishnan, War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting (New York: Routledge, 2008), loc. 1066 of 1492, Kindle.

S: Krishnan, War as Business, loc. 584.

B: Krishnan, Armin. War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. New York: Routledge, 2008. Kindle.

From library database  Zotero 

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

N: Author First and Last Name, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].

S: Last Name, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

N: Michael Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals (New York: Penguin, 2006), 99–100.

S: Pollan, The Omnivore’s Dilemma, 100.

B: Pollan, Michael. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin, 2006.

N: First1 Last1 and First2 Last2, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, edition (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].

S: Last Names, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Last1, First1, and First2 Last2. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

N: Anders Strindberg and Mats Wärn, Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance, 2nd ed. (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2011), 14.

S: Strindberg and Wärn, Islamism, 10.

B: Strindberg, Anders, and Mats Wärn. Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2011.

N: First1 Last1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].

S: Last Names, Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

N: Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam Mausner, and David Kasten, Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009), 50.

S: Cordesman, Mausner, and Kasten, Winning in Afghanistan, 76.

B: Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2009.

• Class notes include lecture notes, slides/PowerPoints, and any other course-related material published by an instructor.
• If class notes are not available to your readers, format as a personal communication using professor's/lecturer's name and "class notes."
• Class notes and lectures published to your online course site are considered unpublished.
• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

N: Instructor First and Last Name, “Title of Notes in Title Case” (class notes for Class, Institution, Location of Institution, Full date), DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Notes in Title Case.”

B: Instructor Last Name, Instructor First Name. “Title of Notes in Title Case.” Class notes for Class, Institution, Location of Institution, Full date. DOI or URL.

N: Justin Johnson, "Python NumPy Tutorial" (class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 2017), https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/.

S: Johnson, "Python NumPy Tutorial."

B: Johnson, Justin. "Python NumPy Tutorial." Class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, 2017. https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/.

N: Speaker First and Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case” (lecture, Venue, Location of Venue, Full date), DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case.”

B: Speaker Last Name, Speaker First Name. “Title of Lecture in Title Case.” Lecture at Venue, Location of Venue, Full date. DOI or URL.

N: Belmont B. Horse, “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades: On the Joys of Approximation” (lecture, Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY, May 5, 2017), https://horse.com/.

S: Horse, “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades.”

B: Horse, Belmont B. “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades: On the Joys of Approximation.” Lecture at Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY, May 5, 2017. https://horse.com/.

N: Instructor First and Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case” (lecture, Venue, Location of Venue, Full date).

S: Last Name, “Title of Lecture in Title Case.”

B: None

N: Don K. Bray, “Formatting a Thesis” (lecture, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA, March 26, 2017).

S: Bray, “Formatting a Thesis.”

B: None

N: Presenter First and Last Name, “Title of Presentation in Title Case” (type of presentation, Venue, Location of Venue, Full date), DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Presentation in Title Case.”

B: Presenter Last Name, Presenter First Name. “Title of Presentation in Title Case.” Type of presentation at Venue, Location of Venue, Full date. DOI or URL.

N: Lisa Randall, “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography” (presentation, Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, July 19, 2002), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaH1FP-4ix4.

S: Randall, “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography.”

B: Randall, Lisa. “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography.” Presentation at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, July 19, 2002. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaH1FP-4ix4.

• Citation is required only if the software is not well known.

N: Company or Creator First and Last Name, Title of Software in Title Case, version number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), accessed Full date, DOI or URL.

S: Creator Last Name, Title of Software in Title Case.

B: Company or Creator Last Name, Creator First Name. Title of Software in Title Case, version number. Place of Publication, year published. Accessed Full date. DOI or URL.

N: Matthew Borenstein et al., Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2 (Englewood, NJ: Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, 2005), accessed February 3, 2016, http://www.meta-analysis.com.

S: Borenstein et al., Comprehensive Meta-Analysis.

B: Borenstein, Matthew, Lion Hedges, Jonah Higgins, and Hy Rothstein. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2. Englewood, NJ: Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, 2005. Accessed February 3, 2016. http://www.meta-analysis.com.

N: Author 1 First and Last Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . and Author N First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” in Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI or URL.

S: Author 1 Last Name et al., “Title of Article in Title Case.”

B: Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . and Author N First and Last Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” In Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI or URL.

How to cite multiple authors

N: James W. Morentz et al., “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security Initiative in Information Sharing,” in 2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security (Boston: IEEE, 2009), 182, https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032.

S: Morentz et al., “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support,” 183.

B: Morentz, James W., Christopher Doyle, Lawrence Skelly, and Nabil Adam. “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security Initiative in Information Sharing.” In 2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security, 182–87. Boston: IEEE, 2009. https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032.

N: First1 Last1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” in Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics, ed. Editor1 et al., Series Name in Title Case, vol. xxx (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].

S: Last Names, “Title of Chapter in Title Case,” page[s].

B: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3. “Title of Chapter in Title Case.” In Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics, edited by Editor1, Editor2, Editor3, and Editor4, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Series Name in Title Case, vol. xxx. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

N: Itai Katz, Kevin Gabayan, and Hamid Aghajan, “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras,” in Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems: 9th International Conference, ed. Jacques Blanc-Talon et al., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4678 (Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2007), 98.

S: Katz, Gabayan, and Aghajan, “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras,” 106.

B: Katz, Itai, Kevin Gabayan, and Hamid Aghajan. “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras.” In Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems: 9th International Conference, edited by Jacques Blanc-Talon, Wilfried Philips, Dan Popescu, and Paul Scheunders, 97–108. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 4678. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 2007.

N: First1 Last1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4, “Title of Paper in Title Case” (paper presented at Name of Conference, Location of Conference, Full date).

S: Last Names, “Title of Paper in Title Case.”

B: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. “Title of Paper in Title Case.” Paper presented at Name of Conference, Location of Conference, Full date.

N: Linda A. Teplin et al., “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study” (paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005).

S: Teplin et al., “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth.”

B: Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA, March 2005.

• Include the date in a short citation of unpublished data only if multiple data sets have been received from the same source.
• Since an unpublished data set is irretrievable, it is treated as a personal communication and therefore not cited in references.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Data Set in Title Case,” Organization, Full date, DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Data Set in Title Case.”

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Data Set in Title Case.” Organization, Month and day published, year. DOI or URL.

N: Roberto Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media,” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004, https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.

S: Suro, “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture.”

B: Suro, Roberto. “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media.” Pew Research Center, April 19, 2004. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.

N: Author First and Last Name, unpublished data, Month and day of correspondence, year.

S: Last Name, unpublished data, Full date.

B: None

N: Rebecca Kanteen, unpublished data, May 11, 1993.

S: Kanteen, unpublished data, May 11, 1993. 

B: None

N: Name of Database in Title Case (record locator; accessed Full date), DOI or URL.

S: Name of Database in Title Case.

B: Name of Database in Title Case (record locator; accessed Full date). DOI or URL.

N: NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name IRAS F00400+4059; accessed October 6, 2009), http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/.

S: NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database.

B: NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name IRAS F00400+4059; accessed October 6, 2009). http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/.

• If the source is an online version of a print reference work, italicize the title; do not italicize the titles of online-only sources.
• Do not use "Staff Writer" or "Editors" as the author; if no author name is listed, use the dictionary or encyclopedia name.

N: Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics, s.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun,” accessed or modified date, URL.

S: Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics, “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.”

B: None

N: Merriam-Webster, s.v. “metamorphosis,” accessed July 6, 2017, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/metamorphosis.

S: Merriam-Webster, “metamorphosis.”

B: None

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

N: “Title of Fact Sheet in Title Case,” Department, year, DOI or URL.

S: Department, “Title of Fact Sheet in Title Case.”

B: Department. “Title of Fact Sheet in Title Case,” year. DOI or URL.

N: “The Construction Industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA),” Department of Labor, 2008, https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm.

S: Department of Labor, “The Construction Industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act.”

B: Department of Labor. “The Construction Industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA),” 2008. https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm.

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

N: Department, Title of Directive in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), DOI or URL.

S: Department, Title of Directive in Title Case and Italics.

B: Department. Title of Directive in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year published. DOI or URL.

N: Department of Defense, Information Assurance Training, Certification, and Workforce Management, DOD Directive 8570.01-M (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2005), 21, http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/
issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf.

S: Department of Defense, Information Assurance Training, Certification, and Workforce Management, 23.

B: Department of Defense. Information Assurance Training, Certification, and Workforce Management. DOD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2005. http://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/DD/
issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf.

N: Department, Title of Joint Doctrine in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), DOI or URL.

S: Department, Title of Joint Doctrine in Title Case and Italics.

B: Department. Title of Joint Doctrine in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year. DOI or URL.

N: Joint Chiefs of Staff, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, JP 1 (Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2017), I-7, https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf.

S: Joint Chiefs of Staff, Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States, I-9.

B: Joint Chiefs of Staff. Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. JP 1. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2017. https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf.

N: Department, Title of Field Manual in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), DOI or URL.

S: Department, Title of Field Manual in Title Case and Italics.

B: Department. Title of Field Manual in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year of issuance. DOI or URL.

N: Department of the Army, Sniper Training, FM 23-10 (Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1995), 5-11, http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf.

S: Department of the Army, Sniper Training, 4-7.

B: Department of the Army. Sniper Training. FM 23-10. Washington, DC: Department of the Army, 1995. http://www.bits.de/NRANEU/others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf.

CRS Report

Zotero 

N: Author First and Last Name, Title of Report in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Congressional Research Service, year published), DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, Title of Report in Title Case and Italics.

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Congressional Research Service, year published. DOI or URL.

CRS Report

N: Marshall C. Erwin, Intelligence Issues for Congress, CRS Report No. RL33539 (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2013), 49, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf.

S: Erwin, Intelligence Issues for Congress, 32.

B: Erwin, Marshall C. Intelligence Issues for Congress. CRS Report No. RL33539. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, 2013. https://fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf.

GAO Report

Zotero 

N: Author First Name Author Last Name, Title of Report in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year published), page[s].

S: Last Name, Title of Report in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year published.

GAO Report

N: Cathleen A. Berrick, Homeland Security: DHS’s Progress and Challenges in Key Areas of Maritime, Aviation, and Cybersecurity, GAO-10-106 (Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2009), 7–9.

S: Berrick, Homeland Security, 8.

B: Berrick, Cathleen A. Homeland Security: DHS’s Progress and Challenges in Key Areas of Maritime, Aviation, and Cybersecurity. GAO-10-106. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office, 2009.

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

Zotero 

N: Author First and Last Name or Department, Title of Report in Title Case and Italics (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), DOI or URL.

S: Author Last Name or Department, Title of Report in Title Case and Italics.

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name or Department. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI or URL. 

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

N: Joseph Biden, National Security Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: White House, 2022), 4–6, https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf.

S: Biden, National Security Strategy, 22.

B: Biden, Joseph. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: White House, 2022. https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Biden-Harris-Administrations-National-Security-Strategy-10.2022.pdf.

N: Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2015), 11, https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/National_Military_Strategy_2015.pdf.

S: Joint Chiefs of Staff, National Military Strategy, 16–17.

B: Joint Chiefs of Staff. National Military Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff, 2015. https://www.jcs.mil/Portals/36/Documents/Publications/National_Military_Strategy_2015.pdf.

N: Department of Defense, Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2018), 7, https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.

S: Department of Defense, National Defense Strategy, 10.

B: Department of Defense. Summary of the 2018 National Defense Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2018. https://dod.defense.gov/Portals/1/Documents/pubs/2018-National-Defense-Strategy-Summary.pdf.

N: Department, Title of Instruction in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year), page[s].

S: Department, Title of Instruction in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Department. Title of Instruction in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department, year.

N: Department of Defense, Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention, DOD Instruction 1000.01 (Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2012), 36.

S: Department of Defense, Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention, 4.

B: Department of Defense. Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention. DOD Instruction 1000.01. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2012.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Memo in Title Case” (official memorandum, Place of Issuance: Department, year), DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Memo in Title Case.”

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Memo in Title Case.” Official memorandum. Place of Issuance: Department, year. DOI or URL.

N: Teresa M. Takai, “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model within the Department of Defense” (official memorandum, Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2013), http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf.

S: Takai, “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model."

B: Takai, Teresa M. “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model within the Department of Defense.” Official memorandum. Washington, DC: Department of Defense, 2013. http://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20
the%20DoD.pdf.

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

N: Name of Company, Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics (Location of Company, State: Name of Company, year), page[s], DOI or URL.

S: Name of Company, Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics.

B: Name of Company. Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics. Location of Company, State: Name of Company, year. DOI or URL.

N: Western Spud, Transmission Systems for Potatoes, 168th ed. (Kinston-Slalom, ID: Western Spud, 1972), 169,  http://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html.

S: Western Spud, Transmission Systems for Potatoes, 186.

B: Western Spud. Transmission Systems for Potatoes. 168th ed. Kinston-Slalom, ID: Western Spud, 1972. http://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html.

N: Name of Company, Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics (Location of Company, State: Name of Company,  year), page[s].

S: Name of Company, Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Name of Company. Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics. Location of Company, State: Name of Company,  year.

N: Western Electric, Transmission Systems for Communications, 3rd ed. (Winston-Salem, NC: Western Electric, 1985), 77.

S: Western Electric, Transmission Systems for Communications, 77.

B: Western Electric. Transmission Systems for Communications. 3rd ed. Winston-Salem, NC: Western Electric, 1985.

• Always include page numbers in notes when available.
• Journals without volume numbers have a comma between the journal title and issue number.
• For online journal references, use a DOI. If no DOI is present, use the name of database.

N: Author 1 First and Last Name and Author 2 First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume number, no. xxx (Month and year): page[s], DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

S: Last Names, “Title of Article in Title Case," page[s].

B: Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume number, no. xxx (Month and year): starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or Name of Database in Title Case.

How to cite multiple authors

DOI or URL  Zotero 

N: Grace F. Sanico and Makoto Kakinaka, “Terrorism and Deterrence Policy with Transnational Support,” Defence and Peace Economics 19, no. 2 (April 2008): 156, https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419.

S: Sanico and Kakinaka, “Terrorism and Deterrence Policy with Transnational Support," 158.

B: Sanico, Grace F., and Makoto Kakinaka. “Terrorism and Deterrence Policy with Transnational Support.” Defence and Peace Economics 19, no. 2 (April 2008): 153–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume number, no. xxx (Month and year): page[s].

S: Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case.”

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume number, no. xxx (Month and year published): starting page of article–ending page of article.

N: Ged Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications,” Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 3, no. 4 (August 2009): 325.

S: Griffin, “Managing Peacekeeping Communications.”

B: Griffin, Ged. “Managing Peacekeeping Communications.” Journal of Business Continuity & Emergency Planning 3, no. 4 (August 2009): 317–27.

• Legal publications use notes for documentation; few include bibliographies. For a full discussion of legal and public documents, including examples, see CMS 14.269–305.

Bill / Resolution

Federal unenacted

Zotero 

N: Title of Bill or Resolution in Title Case, Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, xxx Cong. (year).

S: Title of Bill or Resolution in Title Case.

B: None

N: Every Vote Counts Amendment, H.J. Res. 4, 110th Cong. (2007). 

S: Every Vote Counts Amendment.

B: None

N: Title of Act in Title Case, title number C.F.R. part or § section number (year), DOI or URL.

S: Title of Act in Title Case.

B: None

N: Renewable Energy Production Incentives, 10 C.F.R. 451 (2006), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2006-title10-vol3/xml/CFR-2006-title10-vol3-part451.xml.

S: Renewable Energy Production Incentives.

B: None

N: Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics, xxx Cong. (year), DOI or URL.

S: Abbreviated Chamber, Shortened Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics.

B: None

N: Long-term Sustainability of Current Defense Plans: Hearing before the Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives, 111th Cong. 1 (2009), https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-111hhrg47035/pdf/CHRG-111hhrg47035.pdf.

S: H.R., Long-term Sustainability.

B: None

N: Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics, xxx Cong. (year of hearing) (statement of Testifier, title).

S: Testifier, testimony on Shortened Title of Hearing in Title Case and Italics.

B: None

N: NASA Infrastructure: Enabling Discovery, Enabling Durability: Testimony before the Subcommittee on Space Committee on Science, Space, and Technology, 113th Cong. 25 (2013) (statement of Paul K. Martin, NASA lead scientist).

S: Martin, testimony on NASA Infrastructure.

B: None

Page cited

N: Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable)] opening page of the decision, page[s] cited, (the abbreviated name of the court (if not indicated by the reporter) and the date together in parentheses), DOI or URL.

S: Plaintiff or Nongovernmental Party in italics, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable)] at page[s] cited.

B: None

Page cited  Zotero 

N (page cited): United States v. Christmas, 222 F.3d 141, 145 (4th Cir. 2000), https://wallcrust/whosueschristmas/onlypotatoes.

S (page cited): Christmas, 222 F.3d at 145.

B: None

Whole decision

N: Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable), first page of the decision, the abbreviated name of the court (if not indicated by the reporter) and the date together in parentheses], DOI or URL

S: Plaintiff or Nongovernmental Party in italics, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), the ordinal series number of the reporter (if applicable), first page of the decision].

B: None

Whole decision  Zotero 

N (whole decision): Profit Sharing Plan v. Mbank Dallas, N.A., 683 F. Supp. 592 (N.D. Tex. 1988), https://wallcrust/bigbank.

S (whole decision): Profit Sharing Plan, 683 F. Supp. 592.

B: None

Page cited

N: Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision, actual page[s] cited] (year).

S: Plaintiff or Nongovernmental Party in italics, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter] at page[s] cited.

B: None

Page cited  Zotero 

N: Winter v. NRDC, Inc., 129 S. Ct. 365, 370 (2008).

S (page cited): Winter, 129 S. Ct. at 370.

B: None

Whole decision

N: Party Names, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision] (year).

S: Plaintiff or Nongovernmental Party in italics, Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision].

B: None

Preferably cite to the United States Reports (abbreviated U.S.). If case is not yet published, you may cite to the Supreme Court Reporter (S. Ct.). CMS 14.277

Whole decision  Zotero 

N: Citizens United v. Federal Election Comm'n, 558 U.S. 310 (2010).

S: Citizens United, 558 U.S. 310.

B: None

• Short forms include case names reduced to the name of only one party (usually the plaintiff or the nongovernmental party).

N: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. page number (year compiled), DOI or URL.

S: Exec. Order No. xxxxx.

B: None

N: Exec. Order No. 13655, 3 C.F.R. 339 (2014), https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CFR-2014-title3-vol1/pdf/CFR-2014-title3-vol1.pdf.

S: Exec. Order No. 13655.

B: None

N: Exec. Order No. xxxxx, 3 C.F.R. page number (year compiled), reprinted in title number U.S.C. § section number app. at starting page of order–ending page of order (year reprinted).

S: Exec. Order No. xxxxx.

B: None

N: Exec. Order No. 11609, 3 C.F.R. 586 (1971–1975), reprinted as amended in 3 U.S.C. § 301 app. at 404–407 (1994).

S: Exec. Order No. 11609.

B: None

N: Title of Act in Title Case, Pub. L. No. xxx, volume Source page number (year published). DOI or URL.

S: Title of Act.

B: None

N: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Pub. L. No. 101–336 § 2, 104 Stat. 328 (1991). http://library.clerk.house.gov/reference-files/PPL_101_336_AmericansWithDisabilities.pdf.

S: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990.

B: None

N: Title of Act in Title Case, title number U.S.C. § section (year published).

S: Title of Act.

B: None

N: National Environmental Policy Act, 42 U.S.C. § 4331 (1969).

S: National Environmental Policy Act.

B: None

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.
• For online magazine references, use a DOI. If no DOI is present, use the URL or name of database.
• Do not use "Staff Writer" or "Editors" as the author; if no author name is listed, use the magazine name.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, Full date, page[s], DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

S: Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case.” 

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics. Full date. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

DOI or URL

N: Geronimo Preposterous, "Mai Tais and Milkshakes: A Fast Ride to the ER," Libation Incidents Monthly, February 1, 2017, 18, http://pollock.trashcan.com/2017/02/22/mtmer.

S: Preposterous, "Mai Tais and Milkshakes," 45.

B: Preposterous, Geronimo. "Mai Tais and Milkshakes: A Fast Ride to the ER." Libation Incidents Monthly, February 1, 2017. http://pollock.trashcan.com/2017/02/22/mtmer.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case," Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, Full date, page[s].

S: Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case.” 

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics. Full date.

N: Geronimo Preposterous, "Martinis and Mackerel: From Seafood to See Food," Libation Incidents Monthly, March 1, 2017, 223.

S: Preposterous, "Martinis and Mackerel," 266.

B: Preposterous, Geronimo. "Martinis and Mackerel: From Seafood to See Food." Libation Incidents Monthly, March 1, 2017.

N: Title of Map in Title Case and Italics, Map Source or Maker in Title Case, accessed Full date, DOI or URL.

S: Map Source or Maker in Title Case, Title of Map in Title Case and Italics.

B: Map Source or Maker in Title Case. Title of Map in Title Case and Italics. Accessed Full date. DOI or URL.

N: Population Density, 2000 U.S. Census, Lewis County Geographic Information Services, accessed January 4, 2014, http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census-popdens_2000.pdf.

S: Lewis County Geographic Information Services, Population Density, 2000 U.S. Census.

B: Lewis County Geographic Information Services. Population Density, 2000 U.S. Census. Accessed January 4, 2014. http://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census-popdens_2000.pdf.

N: Title of page/search in sentence case, Google Maps, accessed Full date, URL.

S: Title of page/search in sentence case.

B: Google Maps. Title of page/search in sentence case. Accessed Full date. URL.

N: Monterey Bay map, Google Maps, accessed January 4, 2014, https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-
122.0843052,11z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311.

S: Monterey Bay map.

B: Google Maps. Monterey Bay map. Accessed January 4, 2014. https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/@36.7896106,-
122.0843052,11z/data=!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311.

• See 14.267 for more examples.

N: Title of Film in Title Case and Italics, directed by Director (year originally released; Place of Publication: Publisher, year published of the copy you are using), medium or DOI or URL.

S: Title of Film in Title Case and Italics.

B: Director Last Name, Director First Name, dir. Title of Film in Title Case and Italics. Year originally released; Place of Publication: Publisher, year published of the copy you are using. Medium or DOI or URL.

N: The Invisible War, directed by Kirby Dick (2012; Los Angeles, CA: Docurama, 2012), http://www.netflix.com.

S: The Invisible War.

B: Dick, Kirby, dir. The Invisible War. 2012; Los Angeles, CA: Docurama, 2012. http://www.netflix.com.

N: Speaker First Name and Last Name, “Title of Podcast in Title Case,” date, in Name of Podcast in Title Case and Italics, produced by Producer First and Last Name, podcast, medium, length of podcast, URL, in  URL.

S: Speaker Last Name, “Title of Online Podcast in Title Case.”

B: Speaker First Name and Last Name. “Title of Podcast in Title Case.” Full date. In Name of Podcast in Title Case and Italics. Produced by Producer First and Last Name. Podcast. Medium, length of podcast. URL.

N: Mattecca Piekton and Rebeka Norken, “Taking the Sigh Out of Citation,” February 15, 2019, in KNPS Presents: Citing Is Exciting!, produced by Dragon McBracket, podcast, MP3 audio, 2:47:11, https://www.knps.org/podcasts/
10486/firstnamelastlastnamefirst.html/.

S: Piekton and Norken, “Taking the Sigh Out of Citation.” 

R: Piekton, Mattecca, and Rebeka Norken. “Taking the Sigh Out of Citation.” Produced by Dragon McBracket. In KNPS Presents: Citing Is Exciting!, February 15, 2019. Podcast, MP3 audio, 2:47:11. https://www.knps.org/podcasts/10486/
firstnamelastlastnamefirst.html/.

Video

News, YouTube, or
any kind of streaming video

Zotero 

N: Creator or Screen Name or Organization, “Title of Video in Title Case,” video, length of video, Website or Platform [if different from author], full date of posting, URL.

S: Last Name or Screen Name or Organization, “Title of Video in Title Case.”

B: Creator Last Name, Creator First Name or Screen Name or Organization. “Title of Video in Title Case.” Video, length of video, Website or Platform [if different from author], full date of posting. URL.

N: CNN, "US Military Sends Warships, Aircraft to Texas,” video, 1:31, August 31, 2017, https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-response/.

S: CNN, “US Military Sends Warships.”

B: CNN. “US Military Sends Warships, Aircraft to Texas.” Video, 1:31, August 31, 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-response/

N: Associated Press, "Biden-Zelenskyy Hold Joint News Conference in Washington," video, 36:30, YouTube, December 21, 2022, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGJI2A2-G4A.

S: Associated Press, "Biden-Zelenskyy Hold Joint News Conference."

B: Associated Press. "Biden-Zelenskyy Hold Joint News Conference in Washington." Video, 36:30, YouTube, December 21, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GGJI2A2-G4A.

• Do not use the leading word “the” when referencing newspaper names (New York Times, not The New York Times).
• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.
• For online newspaper references, use a DOI. If no DOI is present, use a URL or name of database.
• Do not use "Staff Writer" or "Editors" as the author; if no author name is listed, use the newspaper name.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics, Full date, page[s], DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

S: Last Name, “Title of Article in Title Case,” page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics, Full date. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

From library database  Zotero 

N: Michael R. Gordon, “Shifting Fronts, Rising Danger: The Afghanistan War Evolves,” New York Times, December 9, 2001, A1, ProQuest.

S: Gordon, “Shifting Fronts," A1.

B: Gordon, Michael R. “Shifting Fronts, Rising Danger: The Afghanistan War Evolves.” New York Times, December 9, 2001. ProQuest.

N: “Title of Article in Title Case,” Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics, Full date, page[s], DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

S: “Title of Article in Title Case.”

B: Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Full date. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

DOI  Zotero 

N: “CMU Scientists Identify Spread of Invasive Species,” Midland Daily News, November 30, 2014,12, https://doi.org/10.1233/45678.

S: “CMU Scientists,” 14.

B: Midland Daily News. “CMU Scientists Identify Spread of Invasive Species.” November 30, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1233/45678.

URL  Zotero 

N: “Toxic Algae in San Luis Reservoir Prompts Warning from State,” Monterey Herald, June 30, 2017, 4,  http://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20170630/toxic-algae-in-san-luis-reservoir-prompts-warning-from-state.

S: “Toxic Algae,” 6.

B: Monterey Herald. “Toxic Algae in San Luis Reservoir Prompts Warning from State.” June 30, 2017. http://www.montereyherald.com/environment-and-nature/20170630/toxic-algae-in-san-luis-reservoir-prompts-warning-from-state. 

N: Rightsholder First and Last Name, Title of patent in sentence case, U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, filed Month and day of filing, year of filing, and issued Month and day of issuance, year, DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, Title of patent in sentence case.

B: Rightsholder Last Name, Rightsholder First Name. Title of patent in sentence case. U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, filed Month and day of filing, year of filing, and issued Month and day of issuance, year. DOI or URL.

N: Alexander Graham Bell, Improvement in telegraphy, U.S. Patent 174465, filed February 14, 1876, and issued March 7, 1876, https://www.google.com/patents/US174465.

S: Bell, Improvement in telegraphy.

B: Bell, Alexander Graham. Improvement in telegraphy. U.S. Patent 174465, filed February 14, 1876, and issued March 7, 1876. https://www.google.com/patents/US174465.

• Personal communication is material obtained from a person, organization, or other source that your typical readers will be unable to access.
• A source should be cited as a personal communication when there is no direct, reliable path for your readers to retrieve the information. Examples include phone calls, conversations, letters, emails, files attached to an email, internal documents, documents posted to a listserv or internal server, or any unpublished source to which your readers have no access. 
• Personal communications, interviews, and emails may be described in your text (see "Interview," for example) or cited in notes (see "Personal Communication" or "Email"). Either format is acceptable; please be consistent within your text.
• If a personal name is not given, include an occupation or position instead. Example: N: Lieutenant commander, USN, personal communication, April 11, 2022.

N: Sender, email message to author, Full date of communication.

S: None

B: None

N: Quentina Grumbupple, email message to author, October 22, 1994.

S: None

B: None

In your text: Include name and title of interviewee as well as full date of interview.

S: None

B: None

In your text: On August 9, 2017, the author/the team/we spoke with Paul Shapiro (professor of potato behavioral science) regarding the effects of gamma rays on chip crispiness.

S: None

B: None 

N: Interlocutor Name, type of communication, Full date of communication.

S: None

B: None

N: Flo Katz, personal communication, September 8, 2009.

S: None

B: None 

In your text: Include primary and indirect source information for clarity.

N: To cite a source from a indirect source (“quoted in . . . ”) is generally to be discouraged, since authors are expected to have examined the works they cite. If an original source is unavailable, however, both the original and the indirect source must be listed.

S: Use quoted source for shortened citation.

B: List the indirect source that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate bibliography format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

In this example, Costello is quoting Zukofsky’s poem.

In your text: We can see this principle at work in the following passage from Zukofsky’s poem, quoted in Costello: " . . . "¹

N: Louis Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification,” Poetry 37 (February 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981), 78.

S: Zukofsky, “Sincerity and Objectification," 78.

B: Costello, Bonnie. Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.

N: Author 1 First and Last Name et al., Title of Report in Title Case and Italics, document identification number or Series Title in Title Case (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI or URL.

S: Last Name et al., Title of Report in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . Author 7 First and Last Name et al. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number or Series Title in Title Case. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI or URL.

Note: If you have a DOI or URL, you may omit the series title.

How to cite multiple authors

Report  Zotero 

N: Lloyd Dixon et al., The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City, RR 1776-NYCEDC (Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017), 29, https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html.

S: Dixon et al., The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance, 29.

B: Dixon, Lloyd, Noreen Clancy, Benjamin M. Miller, Sue Hoegberg, Michael M. Lewis, Bruce Bender, and Samara Ebinger. The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City. RR 1776-NYCEDC. Santa Monica, CA: RAND, 2017. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html.

Report in a series  Zotero 

N: Alan De Brauw, Rural Youth: Determinants of Migration throughout the World, IFAD Research Series 55 (Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2019), 60, https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.301820.

S: De Brauw, Rural Youth, 40.

B: De Brauw, Alan. Rural Youth: Determinants of Migration throughout the World. IFAD Research Series 55. Rome, Italy: International Fund for Agricultural Development, 2019. https://doi.org/10.22004/ag.econ.301820.

N: Author First and Last Name, Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics, page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. DOI or URL.

How to cite multiple authors

N: K. Linda Tang and Daniel R. Eignor, A Study in the Use of Collateral Statistical Information in Attempting to Reduce TOEFL IRT Item Parameter Estimation Sample Sizes, Report Numbers RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17 (Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 2001), 10, https://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/publications/report/2001/hsfb.

S: Tang and Eignor, A Study in the Use of Collateral Statistical Information, 11.

B: Tang, K. Linda, and Daniel R. Eignor. A Study in the Use of Collateral Statistical Information in Attempting to Reduce TOEFL IRT Item Parameter Estimation Sample Sizes. Report Numbers RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, 2001. https://www.ets.org/research/policy_research_reports/publications/report/2001/hsfb.

N: Agency Name, Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s], DOI or URL.

S: Agency Name, Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics.

B: Agency Name. Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Organization as Publisher, year. DOI or URL.

N: National Toxicology Program, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1/N Mice (Topical Application Studies), Report No. TR-576 (Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 2012), 22, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385646/.

S: National Toxicology Program, Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate, 44.

B: National Toxicology Program. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1/N Mice (Topical Application Studies). Report No. TR-576. Washington, DC: National Institutes of Health, 2012. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385646/.

N: Author First and Last Name, Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics, document identification number (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page[s].

S: Last Name, Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics.

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher, year.

N: Toussaint Ratsifandrihamanana and Pradeep Sharma, The Absorption Rate of E. coli in Cats, Report No. 17-59 (Madison, WI: Veterinary Studies, 2015), 18.

S: Ratsifandrihamanana and Sharma, The Absorption Rate of E. coli in Cats, 88.

B: Ratsifandrihamanana, Toussaint, and Pradeep Sharma. The Absorption Rate of E. coli in Cats. Report No. 17-59. Madison, WI: Veterinary Studies, 2015.

N: Author or Organization (handle if not Facebook), "Title of post or shortened tweet text in sentence case," Platform, full date, timestamp for tweets only, URL.

S: Author or Organization, "Title of post or shortened tweet."

B: None

N: Babygiraffe (@babygiraffehaslastlaugh), "My tongue is longer than my face," Twitter, December 11, 2019, 3:34 a.m., https://twitter.com/babygiraffehaslastlaugh/status/4983572308457410.

S: Babygiraffe, "My tongue is longer."

B: None

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

In your text: Include name of speaker.

N: Follow source type.

S: Follow source type.

B: List the source that quotes or reprints the speech you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

In your text: Martin Luther King, Jr., declared, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed.”1

N: Jacob Smith, ed. Well Said! Great Speeches in American History (Washington, DC: E & K Publishing. 2009), 27.

S: Smith, Well Said!, 33.

B: Smith, Jacob, ed. Well Said! Great Speeches in American History. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing. 2009.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., Institution, year published), page[s], Database (document identification number).

S: Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case," page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., Institution, year published. Database (document identification number).

N: Mihwa Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty” (PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008), 89–99, ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

S: Choi, “Contesting Imaginaires,” 89.

B: Choi, Mihwa. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago, 2008. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case” (master’s thesis or PhD diss., Institution, year published), page[s], DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case,” page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Master’s thesis or PhD diss., Institution, year published. DOI or URL.

Dissertation  Zotero 

N: Joey Rivera, “Software System Architecture Modeling Methodology for Naval Gun Weapon Systems” (PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School, 2010), 112, https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/10504.

S: Rivera, “Software System Architecture,” 153.

B: Rivera, Joey. “Software System Architecture Modeling Methodology for Naval Gun Weapon Systems.” PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School, 2010. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/10504.

Thesis  Zotero 

N: Thomas D. Moon, “Rising Dragon: Infrastructure Development and Chinese Influence in Vietnam” (master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2009), 48–56, https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694.

S: Moon, “Rising Dragon,” 55.

B: Moon, Thomas D. “Rising Dragon: Infrastructure Development and Chinese Influence in Vietnam.” Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694.

• For works accepted for publication, follow the appropriate style for the source type, using “forthcoming” in place of the date. The example given is for a journal article.
• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

N: Follow style for source type.

S: Follow style for source type.

B: Follow style for source type.

N: Robert Briscoe, “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception,” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (forthcoming), 23, http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf.

S: Briscoe, “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception,” 24.

B: Briscoe, Robert. “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research (forthcoming). http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case” (unpublished [type of work], Full date of modification), page[s],  DOI or URL.

S: Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case,” page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished [type of work], last modified Full date modified. DOI or URL.

N: Belmont B. Horse, “Back in the Saddle 2: Back in the Saddle” (unpublished screenplay, last modified December 24, 1996), 25, https://horse.com/bits2bits.

S: Horse, “Back in the Saddle 2,” 44.

B: Horse, Belmont B. “Back in the Saddle 2: Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished screenplay, last modified December 24, 1996. https://horse.com/bits2bits.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case” (unpublished [type of work], Full date viewed), page[s].

S: Last Name, “Title of Work in Title Case,” page[s].

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished [type of work], Full date viewed.

N: Belmont B. Horse, “Back in the Saddle” (unpublished memoir, May 3, 1995), 995.

S: Horse, “Back in the Saddle,” 995.

B: Horse, Belmont B. “Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished memoir, May 3, 1995.

N: Author First and Last Name, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Organization, full date, URL.

S: Name, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.”

B: Author Last Name, Author First Name. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Organization. Full date. URL.

N: Richard Roth, “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History,” CNN, last modified April 18, 2017, http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html.

S: Roth, “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History.”

B: Roth, Richard. “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History.” CNN. Last modified April 18, 2017. http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/
us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html.

N: “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Organization, full date given on page, URL.

S: Organization, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.”

B: Organization. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date given on page. URL.

N: “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, April 6, 2017, https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art.

S: Federal Bureau of Investigation, “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art.”

B: Federal Bureau of Investigation. “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art.” April 6, 2017. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art.

N: “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Organization, accessed date, URL.

S: Organization, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.”

B: Organization. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Accessed date. URL.

N: “About the Department of Defense (DOD),” Department of Defense, accessed April 18, 2017, https://www.defense.gov/About/.

S: Department of Defense, “About the Department of Defense (DOD).”

B: Department of Defense. “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed April 18, 2017. https://www.defense.gov/About/.

N: “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case,” Janes, full date given on page or full date of access, URL.

S: Janes, “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.”

B: Janes. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date given on page or full date of access. URL.

N: “Mali: Executive Summary,” Janes, May 31, 2017, https://customer.janes.com/.

S: Janes, “Mali: Executive Summary.”

B: Janes. “Mali: Executive Summary.” May 31, 2017. https://customer.janes.com/.

N: Wikipedia, s.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun,” accessed or modified date, URL.

S: Wikipedia, “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.”

B: Wikipedia. S.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” Accessed or modified date. URL.

N: Wikipedia, s.v. “psychology,” last modified July 8, 2017, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology.

S: Wikipedia, “psychology.”

B: Wikipedia. S.v. “psychology.” Last modified July 8, 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology.

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.