Citation Guide

• If the title does not contain the word "blog," add "(blog)" after the title.

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year of post. “Title of Entry in Title Case.” Title of Blog in Title Case and Italics (blog), full date of post. URL.

T: (Author Last Name year)

R: Dubner, Stephen J. 2014. “The Quality-Quantity Tradeoff Dilemma.” Freakonomics (blog), June 25, 2014. https://freakonomics.com/2014/06/25/the-quality-quantity-tradeoff-dilemma/.

T: (Dubner 2014).

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Read by [Reader Name]. Place of Publication: Publisher. Audiobook Provider in Title Case, total length.

T: (Author Last Name year, locator)

R: Thorton, Kany. 2023. My Life in the Stacks: A Memoir of Decimals, Decibels, and Cold Spaghetti. Read by Mattecca Norpiek. Monterey, CA: Silly Triangle Press. Audible, 738:47:33.

T: (Thorton 2023, loc. 1:27:23)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Chapter in Title Case.” In Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, edited by Editor1 and Editor2, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author Last Name year, page[s] cited)

R: Haynes, Peter. 2009. “Al-Qaeda, Oil Dependence, and U.S. Foreign Policy.” In Energy Security and Global Politics: The Militarization of Resource Management, edited by Daniel Moran and James A. Russell, 62–74. New York: Routledge.

T: (Haynes 2009, 70)

R: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3. Year. “Title of Chapter in Title Case.” In Title of Book in Title Case and Italics, edited by Editor, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Last1, Last2, and Last3 year, page[s] cited)

R: Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. 2009. Introduction. In Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces, edited by John Smith, 1–12. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

T: (Cordesman, Mausner, and Kasten 2009, 4–5)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI or URL.

T: (Author Last Name year)

or

T: (Author Last Name year, loc. xxx)

DOI or URL  Zotero 

R:  Bonds, Mark Evan. 2014. Absolute Music: The History of an Idea. New York: Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199343638.003.0002.

T: (Bonds 2014)

or

T: (Bonds 2014, chap. 2)

From book provider  Zotero 

R: Krishnan, Armin. 2008. War as Business: Technological Change and Military Service Contracting. New York: Routledge. Kindle.

T: (Krishnan 2008, loc. 888)

From library database  Zotero 

R: Crabtree, John, and Ann Chaplin. 2013. Bolivia: Processes of Change. ProQuest.

T: (Crabtree and Chaplin 2013)

or

T: (Crabtree and Chaplin 2013, chap 2)

• When citing a direct quotation from an electronic book without page numbers, include as much information as needed for the reader to locate the material. The citation might include a chapter number, section heading, location number, or paragraph number within the section.
• If present, include a DOI link only (not a URL) in references from a library database.

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author year, page)

R: Pollan, Michael. 2006. The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin.

T: (Pollan 2006, 99–100)

R: Last1, First1, and First2 Last2. Year. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Edition. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Last1 and Last2 year, page)

R: Strindberg, Anders, and Mats Wärn. 2011. Islamism: Religion, Radicalization and Resistance. 2nd ed. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons.

T: (Strindberg and Wärn 2011, 14)

R: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, and First3 Last3. Year. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Last1, Last2, and Last3 year, page)

R: Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, and David Kasten. 2009. Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

T: (Cordesman, Mausner, and Kasten 2009, 50)

R: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. Year. Title of Book in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher.

R: Cordesman, Anthony H., Adam Mausner, Eleanor Bermudashorts, and David Kasten. 2009. Winning in Afghanistan: Creating Effective Afghan Security Forces. Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies.

• If the city of publication may be unknown to readers or may be confused with another city of the same name, the abbreviation of the state, province, or (sometimes) country is usually added. Washington is traditionally followed by DC, but other major cities, such as Los Angeles and Baltimore, need no state abbreviation.

• Class notes include lecture notes, slides, and any other course-related material published by an instructor.
   
• If class notes are not available to your readers, format as a personal communication using professor's/lecturer's name and "class notes."
   
• Class notes and lectures published to your online course site are considered unpublished.

R: Instructor Last Name, Instructor First Name. Year. “Title of Notes in Title Case.” Class notes for Class, Institution, Location of Institution, full date of class. URL or DOI.

T: (Instructor Last Name year)

R: Johnson, Justin. 2017. "Python NumPy Tutorial." Class notes for CS231n: Convolutional Neural Networks for Visual Recognition, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA. https://cs231n.github.io/python-numpy-tutorial/.

T: (Johnson 2017)

R: Speaker Last Name, Speaker First Name. Year. “Title of Lecture in Title Case.” Lecture at Venue, Location of Venue. DOI or URL.

T: (Speaker Last Name year)

R: Horse, Belmont B. 2017. “Horseshoes and Hand Grenades: On the Joys of Approximation.” Lecture at Barnes Event Center, Derby, KY. https://horse.com/.

T: (Horse 2017)

Class notes/unpublished lectures can be referred to in running text and omitted from the List of References.

In your text: See example.

R: Presenter Last Name, Presenter First Name. Year of presentation. “Title of Presentation in Title Case.” Type of presentation at Venue, Location of Venue, full date of presentation. DOI or URL.

T: (Presenter Last Name year)

R: Randall, Lisa. 2002. “Unification in Warped Extra Dimensions and Bulk Holography.” Presentation at Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK, July 19, 2002. https://www.damtp.cam.ac.uk/
events/strings02/avt/randall/.

T: (Randall 2002)

R: Company or Creator Last Name, Creator First Name. Year published. Title of Software in Title Case, version number. Place of Publication. Accessed full date. DOI or URL.

T: (Company or Creator Last Name year)

B: Borenstein, Matthew, Lion Hedges, Jonah Higgins, and Hy Rothstein. 2005. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis, version 2. Englewood, NJ. Accessed February 3, 2016. https://www.meta-analysis.com.

T: (Borenstein et al. 2005)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published. “Title of Article in Title Case.” In Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics volume number (issue): starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or URL.

T: (Author Last Name year, page[s] cited)

How to cite multiple authors

R: Morentz, James W, Christopher Doyle, Lawrence Skelly, and Nabil Adam. 2009. “Unified Incident Command and Decision Support (UICDS) a Department of Homeland Security Initiative in Information Sharing.” In 2009 IEEE Conference on Technologies for Homeland Security 182–87. https://doi.org/10.1109/THS.2009.5168032.

T: (Morentz et al. 2009, 185)

R: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. Year. “Title of Chapter in Title Case.” In Title of Proceedings or Collection in Title Case and Italics. Edited by Editor1, Editor2, Editor3, and Editor4, starting page of chapter–ending page of chapter. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Last1 et al. year)

R: Katz, Itai, Kevin Gabayan, Hamid Aghajan, and Daisy Germanshepherdhighness. 2007. “A Multi-touch Surface Using Multiple Cameras.” In Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems: 9th International Conference, edited by Jacques Blanc-Talon, Wilfried Philips, Dan Popescu, and Paul Scheunders, 97–108. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.

T: (Katz et al. 2007, 97–100)

R: Last1, First1, First2 Last2, First3 Last3, and First4 Last4. Year of presentation. “Title of Paper in Title Case.” Paper presented at Name of Conference in Title Case, Location of Conference.

T: (Last1 et al. year)

R: Teplin, Linda A., Gary M. McClelland, Karen M. Abram, and Jason J. Washburn. 2005. “Early Violent Death in Delinquent Youth: A Prospective Longitudinal Study.” Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Psychology-Law Society, La Jolla, CA.

T: (Teplin et al. 2005)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year published. “Title of Data Set in Title Case.” Organization. DOI or URL.

R: Suro, Roberto. 2004. “Changing Channels and Crisscrossing Culture: A Survey of Latinos on News Media.” Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/hispanic/2004/04/19/changing-channels-and-crisscrossing-cultures/.

T: (Suro 2004)

R: None

T: (Author First and Last Name, unpublished data, full date data was received)

R: None

R: Database Name (record locator; accessed full date). DOI or URL.

R: NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database (object name IRAS F00400+4059; accessed October 6, 2009). https://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/.

R: GenBank (for RP11-322N14 BAC [accession number AC017046]; accessed October 6, 2020). https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Genbank/.

T: (GenBank n.d.)

R: Title of Reference Work in Title Case and Italics. Year. S.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” Accessed or modified full date. URL.

R: Merriam-Webster. 2017. S.v. “metamorphosis.” Accessed July 6, 2017. https://www.merriam-webster.com/
dictionary/metamorphosis.

R: Department. Year. “Title of Fact Sheet in Title Case.” DOI or URL.

T: (Department year)

R: Department of Labor. 2008. “The Construction Industry under the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA).” https://www.dol.gov/whd/regs/compliance/whdfs1.htm.

T: (Department of Labor 2008)

• Follow guidance in the Essential Rules for including page numbers.

R: Department. Year. Title of Directive in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department. DOI or URL.

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym] year)

T (subsequent citations): (Acronym year)

R: Department of Defense. 2005. Information Assurance Training, Certification, and Workforce Management. DOD Directive 8570.01-M. Washington, DC: Department of Defense. https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/
Documents/DD/issuances/dodm/857001m.pdf.

T (first citation): (Department of Defense [DOD] 2005)

T (subsequent citations): (DOD 2005)

R: Department. Year. Title of Joint Doctrine in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department. DOI or URL.

T: (Department year)

R: Joint Chiefs of Staff. 2017. Doctrine for the Armed Forces of the United States. JP 1. Washington, DC: Joint Chiefs of Staff. https://fas.org/irp/doddir/dod/jp1.pdf.

T: (Joint Chiefs of Staff 2017)

R: Department. Year. Title of Field Manual in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department. DOI or URL.

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym] year)

T (subsequent citations): (Acronym year)

R: Department of the Army. 1994. Sniper Training. FM 23-10. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. https://www.bits.de/NRANEU/
others/amd-us-archive/fm_23-10%2894%29.pdf.

T (first citation): (Department of the Army [DA] 1994)

T (subsequent citations): (DA 1994)

CRS Report  

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. DOI or URL.

T: (Author Last Name year)

CRS Report  Zotero 

R: Erwin, Marshall C. 2013. Intelligence Issues for Congress. CRS Report No. RL33539. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33539.pdf.

T: (Erwin 2013)

GAO Report

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author Last Name year)

GAO Report  Zotero 

R: Berrick, Cathleen A. 2009. Homeland Security: DHS’s Progress and Challenges in Key Areas of Maritime, Aviation, and Cybersecurity. GAO-10-106. Washington, DC: Government Accountability Office.

T: (Berrick 2009)

Strategy Document / Other Government Report

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name or Department. Year. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI or URL. 

T: (Last Name or Department year)

Strategy Document / Other Government Report  Zotero 

R: White House. 2017. National Security Strategy of the United States of America. Washington, DC: White House. https://permanent.fdlp.gov/lps90878/2017/NSSFinal121820170905.pdf.

T: (White House 2017)

R: Department. Year. Title of Instruction in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher = Department.

T (first citation): (Department [Acronym] year)

T (subsequent citations): (Acronym year)

R: Department of Defense. 2012. Identification (ID) Cards Required by the Geneva Convention. DOD Instruction 1000.01. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.

T (first citation): (Department of Defense [DOD] 2012)

T (subsequent citations): (DOD 2012)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Memo in Title Case.” Official memorandum. Place of Publication: Department. DOI or URL.

T: (Author Last Name year)

R: Takai, Teresa M. 2013. “Adoption of the National Information Exchange Model within the Department of Defense.” Official memorandum. Washington, DC: Department of Defense.
https://dodcio.defense.gov/Portals/0/Documents/2013-03-28%20Adoption%
20of%20the%20NIEM%20within%20the%20DoD.pdf.

T: (Takai 2013)

R: Name of Company. Year. Title of Handbook in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication. DOI or URL.

T: (Name of Company year)

R: Western Spud. 1972. Transmission Systems for Potatoes. 168th ed. Kinston-Slalom, ID. https://www.spud.org/potato/transmission/grease.html.

R: Western Electric. 1985. Transmission Systems for Communications. 3rd ed. Winston-Salem, NC.

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume number (xx) (Month or Season): starting page of article–ending page of article. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

T: (Author Last Name year, page[s])

How to cite multiple authors

DOI or URL  Zotero 

R: Sanico, Grace F., and Makoto Kakinaka. 2008. “Terrorism and Deterrence Policy with Transnational Support.” Defence and Peace Economics 19 (2) (April): 153–67. https://doi.org/10.1080/10242690701505419.

T: (Sanico and Kakinaka 2008, 159)

From library database  Zotero 

R: Giannopoulou, Zina. 2014. “Prisoners of Plot in José Saramago’s The Cave.” Philosophy and Literature 38 (2) (October): 332–49. Project MUSE.

T: (Giannopoulou 2014)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics volume number (xx) (Month or Season): starting page of article–ending page of article.

T: (Author Last Name year, page[s])

R: Liu, Jui-Ch’i. 2015. “Beholding the Feminine Sublime: Lee Miller’s War Photography.” Signs 40 (2) (Winter): 308–19.

T: (Liu 2015, 312)

R: None

T: None

In your text: (Abbreviated Bill or Resolution Chamber and Number, xxx Cong. (year))

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: The Managed Competition Act (H.R. 5936, 102nd Cong. (1992)) noted that potatoes are smarter than E. coli–laden cats . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include name of act, C.F.R. title number and section number (title number C.F.R. § xxx), and year published.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In 2006, the Department of Energy introduced the Renewable Energy Production Incentives (10 C.F.R. § 451), which . . .

or

In 10 C.F.R. § 451 (2006), the Department of Energy establishes guidelines on Renewable Energy Production Incentives, which . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include title of hearing, date, and any other useful identifying information.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In 2009, the House Committee on the Budget held a hearing on the Long-term Sustainability of Current Defense Plans to ascertain . . . 

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include name of testifier, title of hearing, date, and any other useful identifying information.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In his 2015 testimony during the NASA Infrastructure–Enabling Discovery, Enabling Durability hearing, NASA lead scientist Paul K. Martin remarked that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Party Names (Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter, first page of decision, abbreviated name of the court (if not indicated by the reporter) and the date together in parentheses])

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In the case Lessard v. Schmidt (349 F. Supp. 1078 (E.D. Wis. 1972)), the court ruled that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Party Names (Case ID [includes volume number, abbreviated name of the reporter(s), first page of the decision, and the date in parentheses)

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In the case Winter v. NRDC, Inc. (129 S. Ct. 365 (2008)), the court ruled that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: Include "Title of Executive Order in Title Case," executive order number, and year.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: In 2013, Executive Order 13655, "Adjustments of Certain Rates of Pay," established that . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: none

In your text: Include the title and year of the act.

Note: if the year is included in the title of the act, there is no need to repeat it.

Footnote: See header notes.

R: None

T: None

In your text: The 1990 Americans with Disabilities Act established . . .

Footnote: See header notes.

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, full date of publication. DOI or URL or  Name of Database in Title Case.

T: (Last Name year)

DOI or URL  Zotero 

R: Preposterous, Geronimo. 2017. "Mai Tais and Milkshakes: A Fast Ride to the ER." Libation Incidents Monthly, February 1, 2017. https://pollock.trashcan.com/2017/02/22/mtmer.

T: (Preposterous 2017)

From library database  Zotero 

R: Preposterous, Geronimo. 2020. "Mojitos and Mussels: New Frontiers in Smoothie Formulation." Libation Incidents Monthly, January 1, 2020. JSTOR.

T: (Preposterous 2020)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case,” Title of Magazine in Title Case and Italics, full date of publication.

T: (Last Name year)

R: Preposterous, Geronimo. 2017. "Martinis and Mackerel: From Seafood to See Food." Libation Incidents Monthly, March 1, 2017.

T: (Preposterous 2017)

R: Google Maps. Year accessed. “Title of Map in Title Case.” Accessed full date. URL.

T: (Google Maps year)

R: Google Maps. 2017. “Monterey Bay.” Accessed January 4, 2017.
 https://www.google.com/maps/place/Monterey+Bay/
@36.7896106,-122.0843052,11z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x808e0ccfc5859dfd:
0x124654a608855d43!8m2!3d36.8007413!4d-121.947311.

T: (Google Maps 2017)

R: Map Source or Maker in Title Case. Year. “Title of Map in Title Case.” Accessed full date. DOI or URL.

T: (Map Source or Maker in Title Case year)

R: Lewis County Geographic Information Services. 2014. “Population Density, 2000 U.S. Census.” Accessed January 4, 2017. https://maps.lewiscountywa.gov/maps/Demographics/census-popdens_2000.pdf.

T: (Lewis County Geographic Information Services 2014)

R: Director Last Name, Director First Name, dir. Year originally released. Title of Film in Title Case and Italics. Place of Publication: Publisher, year published of the copy you are using. Medium or DOI or URL.

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name or Organization or Screen Name. Year. “Title of Video in Title Case.” Media type, length of podcast or video. Full date of posting. URL.

T: (Author or Organization or Screen Name year)

R: CNN. 2017. “US Military Sends Warships, Aircraft to Texas.” Video, August 31, 2017. 1:31. https://www.cnn.com/2017/08/30/politics/texas-harvey-flooding-military-response/.

T: (CNN 2017)

R: BellaFolletti. 2009. “Possible Ghost Caught on Surveillance Camera.” YouTube video, April 8, 2009, 1:19. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dq1ms2JhYBI.

T: (BellaFolletti 2009)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics, full date of publication. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

T: (Author Last Name year)

DOI or URL, Author given  Zotero 

R: Brody, Jane E. 2007. “Mental Reserves Keep Brains Agile.” New York Times, December 11, 2007. https://www.nytimes.com/2007/12/11/health/11brod.html.

T: (Brody 2007)

From library database  Zotero 

R: Brady, Joan. 2020. “Mental Reserves Keep Brains Delicious.” New Pork Times, January 24, 2020. Lexis Advance.

T: (Brady 2020)

R: Title of Newspaper in Title Case and Italics. Year. “Title of Article in Title Case,” full date of publication. DOI or URL.

T: (Title of Newspaper year)

R: Monterey Gerald. 2014. “Local Otters Find Tourists 'Incredibly Cute,'” April 5, 2014.

T: (Monterey Gerald 2014)

R: Rightsholder Last Name, Rightsholder First Name. Year issued. Title of patent in sentence case. U.S. Patent xxxxxxx, filed full date, and issued full date. DOI or URL.

R: Bell, Alexander Graham. 1876. Improvement in telegraphy. U.S. Patent 174465A, filed February 14, 1876, and issued March 7, 1876. https://www.google.com/patents/US174465.

T: (Bell 1876)

R: None

T: (Sender, email message to author, full date of email)

or

In your text: (email message to author, full date of email)

R: None

T: (Q. Grumbupple, email to author, October 22, 1994)

or

R: None

In your text: Interviewee Name (interviewee title), in discussion with the author, full date of interview.

R: None

In your text: . . . as claimed by Osiris Jones (professor of octopus kinesiology, University of Headfoot), in discussion with the author, June 1, 2012.

R: None

T: (Interlocutor Name, type of communication, full date)

R: None

T: (Sandi Lopez, personal communication, September 8, 2009)

R: Author 1 Last Name, Author 1 First Name, Author 2 First and Last Name, . . . Author 7 First and Last Name et al. Year. Title of Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher. DOI or URL or Name of Database.

T: (Author 1 Last Name et al. Year)

How to cite multiple authors

R: Dixon, Lloyd, Noreen Clancy, Benjamin M. Miller, Sue Hoegberg, Michael M. Lewis, Bruce Bender, Samara Ebinger et al. 2017. The Cost and Affordability of Flood Insurance in New York City. RR-1776-NYCEDC. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR1776.html.

T: (Dixon et al. 2017)

R: Agency Name. Year. Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. DOI or URL.

T: (Agency year)

R: National Toxicology Program. 2012. Toxicology and Carcinogenesis Studies of Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate (Technical Grade) (CASRN 15625-89-5) in F344/N Rats and B6C3F1/N Mice (Dermal Studies). Report No. TR-576. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23385646/.

T: (National Toxicology Program 2012)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. DOI or URL or Name of Database in Title Case.

T: (Author year)

How to cite multiple authors

R: Tang, K. Linda, and Daniel R. Eignor. 2001. A Study in the Use of Collateral Statistical Information in Attempting to Reduce TOEFL IRT Item Parameter Estimation Sample Sizes. Report Numbers RR-01-11, TOEFL-TR-17. Princeton, NJ: Educational Testing Service, https://www.ets.org/research/policy_
research_reports/publications/report/2001/hsfb.

T: (Tang and Eignor 2001)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. Title of Technical Report in Title Case and Italics. Document identification number. Place of Publication: Publisher.

T: (Author year)

R: Jones, Larry, and Florence Johnson. 2015. The Absorption Rate of E. coli in Cats. Report No. 17-59. Madison, WI: Veterinary Studies.

T: (Jones and Johnson 2015)

R: List the secondary source that quotes or discusses the material you are referring to (cite using the appropriate format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

In your text: Mention primary source, then cite secondary source using the appropriate in-text format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.

R: Nicholson, Ian A. M. 2003. Inventing Personality: Gordon Allport and the Science of Selfhood. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

In your text: We can see this principle at work in the following passage from Allport’s diary, quoted in Nicholson: “ . . . ” (2003, 59).

R: Author or Organization (handle if not Facebook). Year. "Title of post or shortened tweet text in sentence case." Platform, full date, timestamp for tweets only. URL.

T: (Author or Organization year)

R: Babygiraffe (@babygiraffehaslastlaugh). 2016. "I'm cuter than any stupid potato. They don't even have necks." Twitter, April 3, 2016, 5:02 a.m. https://twitter.com/babygiraffehaslastlaugh/status/53645653465436354.

T: (Babygiraffe 2016)

R: List the source that quotes or reprints the speech you are referring to (cite using the appropriate reference-list format for the source type—book, journal article, etc.)

In your text: Include name of speaker.

R: Smith, Jacob, ed. 2009. Well Said! Great Speeches in American History. Washington, DC: E & K Publishing.

In your text: Martin Luther King, Jr. declared, “I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed” (Smith 2009, 18).

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Type of document, Institution. Name of Database in Title Case (document identification number).

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R: Choi, Mihwa. 2008. “Contesting Imaginaires in Death Rituals during the Northern Song Dynasty.” PhD diss., University of Chicago. ProQuest (AAT 3300426).

T: (Choi 2008)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title of Thesis/Dissertation in Title Case.” Type of document, Institution. DOI or URL.

T: (Author Last Name year)

Dissertation  Zotero 

R: Rivera, Joey. 2010. “Software System Architecture Modeling Methodology for Naval Gun Weapon Systems.” PhD diss., Naval Postgraduate School. https://hdl.handle.net/10945/10504.

T: (Rivera 2010)

Thesis  Zotero 

R: Moon, Thomas D. 2009. “Rising Dragon: Infrastructure Development and Chinese Influence in Vietnam.” Master’s thesis, Naval Postgraduate School. https://calhoun.nps.edu/handle/10945/4694.

T: (Moon 2009)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year viewed. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished [type of work], Full date viewed.

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R: Horse, Belmont B. 1995. “Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished manuscript, May 3, 1995.

T: (Horse 1995)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Forthcoming. “Title of Article in Title Case.” Title of Journal in Title Case and Italics. DOI or URL.

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R: Briscoe, Robert. Forthcoming. “Egocentric Spatial Representation in Action and Perception.” Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. http://cogprints.org/5780/1/ECSRAP.F07.pdf.

T: (Briscoe, forthcoming)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year modified. “Title of Work in Title Case.” Unpublished, last modified full date. DOI or URL.

T: (Author Last Name year)

R: Horse, Belmont B. 1996. “Back in the Saddle 2: Back in the Saddle.” Unpublished, last modified December 24, 1996. https://horse.com/bits2bits.

T: (Horse 1996)

R: Author Last Name, Author First Name. Year. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Organization. Full date of publication or modification. URL.

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R: Roth, Richard. 2017. “75 Years Ago, the Doolittle Raid Changed History.” CNN. Last modified April 18, 2017. https://www.cnn.com/2017/04/18/us/75th-anniversary-doolittle-raid/index.html.

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R: Organization. Year. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date of publication or last modification. URL.

T: (Organization year)

R: Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2017. “Forging Papers to Sell Fake Art.” April 6, 2017. https://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/forging-papers-to-sell-fake-art.

T (first citation): (Federal Bureau of Investigation [FBI] 2017)

T (subsequent citations): (FBI 2017) 

R: Organization. n.d. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Accessed full date. URL.

T: (Organization n.d.)

R: Department of Defense. n.d. “About the Department of Defense (DOD).” Accessed April 18, 2017. https://www.defense.gov/About/.

T (first citation): (Department of Defense [DOD] n.d.) 

T (subsequent citations): (DOD n.d.) 

R: Janes. Year. “Title, Section, or Page Name in Title Case.” Full date of publication or last modification.

T: (Janes 2017)

R: Janes. 2017. “Mali: Executive Summary.” May 31, 2017. https://customer.janes.com/.

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R: Wikipedia. Year. S.v. “title of entry in lowercase unless proper noun.” Full date of access or last modification. URL.

T: (Wikipedia year)

R: Wikipedia. 2017. S.v. “Kurt Vonnegut.” Last modified July 8, 2017. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Vonnegut.

T: (Wikipedia 2017)